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First Aid &
Wound Treatment
This classification is by far the largest, and encompasses
the greatest variety of drugs.
There are products to:
- Stop Bleeding
- Disinfect Wounds
- Promote Healing
- Treat Bloat
- Treat Constipation
- Pink Eye
- Ketosis
- Lumpy Jaw
There are also local anaesthetics for freezing specific
parts of the body prior to minor surgery.
First Aid and wound treatment affects all livestock
and therefore, this section is of value to everyone.
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Click here to glance at our catalogue in Spanish.
Click here Equine Vitamin-Mineral Deficiency Chart.
CATTLE
Product: SODIUM SULFAMETHAZINE SOLUTION 25% 4L
Item: 10L-SSUL2
An apple flavored solution of sulfamethazine, "Sulfa 25" is indicated For the treatment of bacterial infections such as Metritis, Bacterial Enteritis (Scours), Acute Mastitis, Acute Bacterial Respiratory Infections.
Product: DOMCOL SOLUTION 20l AND 4 L
Item: 10L-DOMC1
As an aid in the prevention and treatment of Acetonemia in cattle and sheep. Administer orally in the drinking water, in the feed, or as a drench.
Product: BLOAT-EZE 340ML
Item: 10L-BLGO1
Bloat-Eze is recommended as an aid in the treatment of frothy bloat in cattle, sheep and goats. Can be also used as a laxative and stool softener.
As an aid in the treatment of frothy bloat in ruminants and in the treatment of constipation.
Product: SUPER SCOUR CALF BOLUS 25’s and 50’S
Item: 10B-SSBO2
For use in the oral treatment and prevention of diarrhea (scours) and entertitis of bacterial origin. Vitamin A is included to supplement or replace loss. Atropine and Hyoscyamine are added to id in the reduction of intestinal hypermotility which often accompanies acute diarrhea.
Product: VITAMIN A&D INJECTABLE 100ML and 250ML
Item: 10I-A&D250
This injectable vitamin combination is indicated for the prevention and treatment of Vitamin A-D deficiencies in cattle, sheep, and swine.
Product: IODINE SPRAY500ML
Item: 10L-ISPRA
Antiseptic Iodine Spray contains an iodine complex which provides the active iodine in a non-staining, non-stinging from upon topical application. The alcohol base aids in producing a quick drying product, which does not delay wound healing.
As an aid in the treatment of and control of bacterial infections of superficial wounds, cuts and abrasions, navel stumps, dockings, and castration wounds. Also for disinfection of skin areas prior to injections or surgical procedures. If redness, irritation, or swelling persists or increases, discontinue use and consult a Veterinarian.
Product: STRONGER IODINE TINCTURE 7% 500ML and 4L
Item: 10L-ITIN2
As an antiseptic for topical use, a counter-irritant in chronic inflammatory conditions and as a parasiticide in ringworm. May be used as a pre- and post-operative dressing.
Product: DEHORNING PASTE 100G JAR and 85G SQUEEZE
Item: 10O-DHORN
To prevent horn growth and remove horn buttons on calves. Apply a thin film on horn buttons as soon as they can be felt. Isolate calves for 30 minutes to prevent paste removal by rubbing. Protect calves from rain and snow.
HORSES
Product: ZEV COUGH REMEDY2L
Item: 11L-ZEV2L
For Horses ZEV aids in the temporary relief of coughs associated with minor upperSaturate dry, affected area. or mild bronchial irritations. It can also be used as an appetizer and tonic conditioner or for the temporary relief of nasal congestion.
For Dogs: ZEV can be used as an appetizer and tonic conditioner. It can also be used for the temporary relief of coughs associated with minor upperSaturate dry, affected area. or mild bronchial irritations.
Product: EQUICELL-RED CELL 4L
Item: 11L-EQUICREDCELL
Equicell-R is a liquid feed supplement for horses, fortified with iron, and formulated to provide supplemental vitamins and minerals which may be lacking in the horse’s normal feed
Product: KOPPER KARE 475 ML
Item: 10L-KKARE
Kopper Kare is a fungicide-antiseptic-astringent solution indicated for use in the treatment of footrot on cattle and sheep; thrush, hoof punctures, cracked hooves, and spongy hooves in horses, ringworm, wounds, after dehorning; and as a pad toughener in dogs.
Product: SHIN-BAND HORSE LINIMENT 250ML
Item: 11L-SHINBAND
Shin-Band is a rubefacient (counterirritant) liniment, with antiseptic properties, for use in horses, as an aid in the prevention of bucked shins and in the temporary relief of pain and discomfort associated with splints, osslets, big knee swelling, sore tendons, muscular soreness, and soft ankles.
Product: PINK EYE/KERAPLEX 500ML
Item: 10L-PEGUA500
A purple liquid containing neomycin, Keraplex is indicated as an aid in the treatment of pink eye in cattle due to bacteria susceptible to neomycin, and topically as a wound dressing for minor cuts, and abrasions of cattle, sheep, and horses.
Product: NITRO OINTMENT
Item: 10O-NITR3
Nitro Ointment is used for the local treatment and prevention of bacterial infections of wounds, burns, coetaneous ulcers, and cracked heels in horses. It can also also be used for the treatment of pyodermas in horses.
Septic arthritis may occur in any joint. Horses with septic arthritis present with severe lameness, joint swelling, fever, loss of appetite, stiffness and pain. Bone changes are more severe and progress rapidly and are usually visible during radiographical examination. Septic arthritis treatment include antibiotics and surgery (in severe cases). Degenerative joint disease may occur as a result of untreated Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD), a disease associated with defective development of bone from cartilage leading to inflammation in affected joints. Often loose fragments of cartilage and/or bone present in joint, usually stifle, hock, fetlock and shoulder. The disease may occur in any joint, but is most commonly seen in the tarsus (hock). Breeds with a high-incidence of tarsal osteochondrosis include Standardbreds, Quarter Horses, Warmbloods and Arabians. Medical reports show that about 76 percent of treated horses raced successfully or performed their intended use following surgery. In many cases, however, additional techniques to improve the healing response in bone and cartilage are needed so as to preserve articular function. The principles of treatment of Degenerative Joint Disease include prevention or treatment of septic arthritis and osteochondritis dissecans; treatment of active soft tissue disease contributing to articular cartilage degeneration, including rest, physical therapy, synovectomy and administration of anti-inflammatory drugs, sodium hyaluronate and polysulfated glycosaminoglycans; treatment of articular cartilage loss or degeneration, including articular cartilage curettage (removal), subchondral bone drilling, and osteophyte removal. The equine practitioner is faced with many choices for controlling inflammation in osteoarthritis (OA.) The proper combination of systemic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), intraarticular steroids, viscosupplementation (injection a preparation of hyaluronic acid into the joint that acts as a lubricant to enable bones to move smoothly over each other and as a shock absorber for joint loads), and chondroprotectants (supplements which work to maintain cartilage health) can be used to treat the disease and stop further progression of degenerative changes to the cartilage surface. Although the whole nutraceutical industry is essentially unregulated, with manufacturers making outrageous claims on products that have never been tested at all, are often of poor quality, and occasionally lacking in any active ingredient, ongoing research shows that oral administration of nutraceutical products, such as Glucosamine and chondroitin to the horse is common and easy and is perceived to be a benign treatment for OA in horses. The main goal for use of nutraceuticals is to use them in OA cases to attempt to lower the dose of other drugs that are more problematic while potentially preventing further progress of DJD. Clinical findings have revealed that glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate are effective and safer alternatives to alleviate symptoms of OA (Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfates in the treatment of osteoarthritis: a survey by de los Reyes GC, Koda RT, Lien EJ). Glucosamine is an amine-sugar that has been marketed as a natural product for the treatment of osteoarthritis. It has been popularized in the complementary section of pharmacies as a safe over-the-counter treatment for osteoarthritic pain. Recent research suggests that it may not only provide symptomatic pain relief, but may have a role in chondroprotection. This is due to the fact that articular cartilage is critically dependent upon the regular provision of nutrients (glucose and amino acids), vitamins (particularly vitamin C), and essential trace elements (zinc, magnesium, and copper). Therefore, dietary supplementation programs and nutraceuticals based on antioxidant vitamin C, polyphenols, essential fatty acids, used in conjunction with non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may offer significant benefits to patients with joint disorders, such as OA and OCD. There is also evidence that the combination of oral nutraceutical joint supplements containing high quality glucosamine (GU) and chondroitin sulphate (CS) may be more effective in preventing or treating osteoarthritis in horses than either product alone. Dermatophilosis, also known as mycotic dermatitis, rain scald, mud fever, and greesy heel, is a skin disease caused by fungal organism Dermatophilus congolensis which gains entry to the horse skin when it is saturated by prolonged rain. It is mainly seen in mild wet winters. Symptoms--Lesions are seen on the back, belly and lower limbs. Horses in poor condition and badly cared for at pastures are at risk. Horses with shaggy coats or with feather are particularly at risk. Diagnosis is based on the appearance of the sores and microscopic examination of the organisms. Treatment Dry conditions and improved hygiene should be the first step in therapy. Affected animals must be housed. Long hair shielding the sores must be removed by clipping (sterilizing the blades after use). Astringent lotions are beneficial and antibiotics may be given when the sores are severe. Cracking of the skin may require prolonged careful treatment. Remove long hair and wash with mild soap and tepid water. Areas must be kept dry after initial washing. Dressing with antibiotic ointments is helpful. Rest in a dry area for several weeks will be helpful. Prevention is better than cure. Practise good husbandry, prevent prolonged wetting by providing some shelter, examine regularly for parasites, and never expose a horse or groups of horses to confinement in small muddy paddocks without shelter. Colic refers to abdominal pain, the external signs of which is uneasiness, sweating, biting at the flanks and other signs of pain. The horse gets up and lies down again. Very acute colic may be caused by a twisted gut and generally requires surgery. Studies show that colic may result from congenital (present at birth) malformation of the large colon, enteroliths (pathological formations of mineral concentrations) which cause colonic obstruction, and equine gastric ulcers. There are three main types of colic:tympanitic, spasmodic and obstructive. Tympanitic colic (bloat, gastric tympany, wind colic) Symptoms usually include continuous pain, caused by an overproduction of gas which distends the gut, sweating, a high pulse and a tense abdomen. The horse might take violent attempts to lie down. Frequent attempt to urinate and flatulence is common. This type of colic occurs when a horse is fed large quantitis of grain or coarse mix. Rich green grass grazed in the spring has the same effect. Treatment include analgesics to control pain; anti-spasmodic drugs; vegetable oils to reduce the fermentation process. The treatment of uncomplicated cases is usually successful. Spasmodic colic The most common type of colic, mild in character and short in duration (only a few hours). Seen more often in young horses. Bouts of acute pain, sweating, restlessness, frequent rolling and a tense abdomen are common symptoms. The horse looks repeatedly at its flank. May be caused as a result of blocking the normal passage of gas and intestinal contenets through the gut by migrating strongyle worm larvae; often seen in exhausted, dehydrated horses because of lack of sodium and chlorine ions. Treatment includes anti-spasmodic drugs and sedatives. Obstructive colic This type of colic is further subdivided into obstructive, and less severe impacted types. Obstruction of the stomach and small or large intestine all cause acute pain. The horse rapidly becomes shocked due to the release of toxins into the system. The obstruction can occur on the stomach when it is due to overeating, especially dry material such as nuts, or unsoaked sugar beet. It can also occur in the small intestine as a mechanical obstruction caused by developing tumors, or by a twist, and as a result of hernia. Mechanical obstructions are rare, while food materials are common causes. A sudden change in diet, such as from grass to dry hay or straw, or sand impactions can cause obstruction. Obstructive colic should always be treated as an emergency and is one of the conditions where professional help should be obtained immediately. The decision to operate has to be made quickly, as irreversible changes soon occur in the obstructed tissues. Impacted colic is less obvious in nature. As the impaction builds up, the horse stops eating and passes increasingly dry and scanty feces. The horse spends a lot of time lying down and frequently looks at its flank. Impacted colic responds well to treatment that consists of softening the impacted mass and massage. This may take a few days, but in complicated cases surgery may be necessary. Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1) and equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV4) are important equine viruses, causing much damage to the horse industry. EHV1 strains are associated with respiratory disease, abortion, and paralysis, whereas EHV4 strains are primarily associated with respiratory disease. Young horse are at greatest risk to be infected by herpesvirus. The herpesvirus rarely occurs in foals younger than three months of age because they still have their vaccinated mothers' immunity. The great majority of infected foals is seen in sucklings and weanlings between 4 and 12 months of age which develop what veterinarians call "foal snots". The risk of developing the URTD increases with overcrowding, heavy parasite infestation, poor nutritional state, climatic extremes, existing disease, and the intermingling of animals from different social groups. The infection is transmitted by contact with another infected horse and its respiratory discharge. Diagnosis of herpesvirus respiratory disease in horses is performed through laboratory tests. Vaccination of young horses does not prevent the infection, but diminishes the intensity of the disease. The outbreaks of infection are common in large broodmare farm operations, annual yearling sales events and race or show barns in which horses from different places are kept together in enclosed, confined spaces. Two- and three-year-olds usually develop an acute form of herpesvirus URTD with neurological complications and increased risk of abortion. The virus remains in an individual horse over the lifetime and periodically reactivates and transmits from horse to horse and mother to foal. The factors contributing to herpesvirus reactivation include surgery, boarding, prolonged transport, weaning, lactation, extreme weather, and stress. Symptoms of the herpesvirus URTD vary from horse to horse and may range from mild illness to a life-threatening lung inflammation. Most common signs include watery nasal discharge that occurs during the first day of the disease. By the second or third day the nasal discharge often dries to form crust in and around the nostrils and becomes thicker and yellowish. In some horses signs may include loss of appetite (anorexia), fever, lethargy, cough, labored breathing and discharge from the eyes (conjunctivitis). In uncomplicated form of infection, the prognosis for full recovery is usually good and signs usually disappear by the end of second week. With the secondary bacterial infection, primarily by primarily by Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus, the disease is much more severe. Even though the infection by herpesvarus affects mainly the upper respiratory tract, it may lead to other serious complications including abortion, neonatal foal death, brain, lung and eye infections. Treatment includes medications for fever reduction and anti-inflammatory agents for reduction of respiratory tract inflammation and antimicrobials. Horses unwilling to eat or drink may require fluid-electrolyte replacement therapy. Prevention of herpesvirus URTD is the most effective way to control the disease outbreaks. Foals become maximally susceptible to infection by 5 - 6 months of age. Vaccination against EHV-1 and EHV-4 respiratory disease is recommended as part of the preventive, herd-health program for all horses at risk for acquiring infection. Vaccination of young horses does not prevent respiratory infection, but diminishes the intensity of clinical signs and both the magnitude and duration and amount of shedding of infectious virus. Because immunity to EHV-1 and EHV-4 generated by vaccination is of short duration, frequent booster doses are necessary for maximal effectiveness. Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV) is a lentivirus, of the Retrovirus family with an almost worldwide distribution, infecting equids - horses, mules and donkeys. The EIAV belongs to the family of RNA viruses which generally cause slowly progressive, often fatal diseases. The virus is closely related to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans. Animals may be acutely or chronically infected. The incubation period is variable, from a matter of days to a few months but generally 1 to 3 weeks. Antibodies usually develop 7 to 14 days after infection and last for life. Infected animals remain carriers of the virus for life. The clinical signs of the acute form of equine infectious anemia are nonspecific; in mild cases, the initial fever may be short lived (often less than 24 hours). As a result, horse owners and veterinarians may not observe this initial sign when a horse is infected with EIAV. These infected horses often recover and continue to move freely in the population. The first indication that a horse was exposed to, and infected with, EIAV may well be a positive result on a routine annual test. The majority of horses are inapparent carriers: they show no visible abnormalities as a result of infection. The inapparent form may become chronic or acute due to severe stress, hard work, or the presence of other diseases. Equine infectious anemia acute form symptoms--These depend upon the stage of the disease. Bleeding, edemas ( excessive accumulation of fluids in body tissues or cavities), rapid breathing, and jaundice occur in the acute disease. During the attack, which usually lasts three to five days, the animal will try to shift its weight from one leg to another because of weakness. It will have shaggy coat and be sluggish. Equine infectious anemia chronic form symptoms--If the horse survives this first acute bout, it may develop enlargement of the liver, spleen and lymph nodes, anemia ( the blood experiences a marked drop in its red corpuscle count and appear thin and watery), fever, different sizes of hemorrhage into the skin (petechia), an irregular heartbeat, and a jugular (located in the region of neck or throat) pulse may become evident. Equine infectious anemia is considered a classic bloodborne infection. People have played an important role in EIAV transmission over the years by using blood–contaminated materials on different horses. The EIAV most frequently is transmitted between horses in close proximity by large biting insects, such as horseflies and deerflies. Control of equine infectious anemia is currently based on detection of anti-EIA virus (EIAV) antibodies through AGID test. However, the current diagnostic methods may fail to diagnose the disease at its early stage. infection. There is no vaccine or treatment for the disease. It is often difficult to differentiate from other fever-producing diseases, including anthrax, influenza, and equine encephalitis. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is one of the most common neurologic diseases of horses in the United States. It is caused by the protozoa Sarcocystis neurona. The parasite is ingested by the horse through infected food or water, or through direct contact with sporocytes in infected animal feces. Opossums, striped skunks, raccoons, armadillos and cats are intermediate hosts that spread the spores, but horses do not transmit the infection to other animals. The parasite damages the brain, brainstem and spinal cord of the horse. EPM can affect a horse of any age, breed, or sex. Diagnosis--Blood tests detect antibodies to the Sarcocystis neurona but do not indicate if the horse will develop the disease. If antibodies are found in the cerebral spinal fluid along with neurolical signs are positive indicators of the disease. Symptoms--Only a small percentage of horses become sick after ingesting the parasite. Signs include dragging a toe, incoordination, dropped eyelid, malposition of a limb, muscle atrophy, wobbling, head tilt, and occasional lameness. All neurologic disease in horses is not EPM and a complete work-up by your veterinarian is needed in many cases to arrive at a specific diagnosis of the problem. Treatment--Horses are treated for EPM until they have negative test results for antibodies to S. neurona. Many horse develop complications and adverse reactions to medications: fever, loss of appetite, depression, incoordination, mild anemia and abortions. Prognosis--The disease is progressively debilitating to the horse and requires extensive treatment. A vaccine for EPM is available but has unknown efficacy. Response to treatment is an important indicator of survival. Treatment with ponazuril minimizes, but does not eliminate, infection and clinical signs of EPM in horses [1-2]. Prevention--Use good hygiene when it comes to storing a horse's food containers, water buckets and tubs. Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), also known as periodic ophthalmia or moon blindness, is one of the most common causes of blindness in horses. Classic treatment of ERU includes mydriatics, corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Despite vigorous topical and systemic treatment, however, in many cases, the prognosis for preserving vision remains poor. Symptoms--The signs of this disease are acute pain with the eye closed, discharge, and unwillingness to expose the eye to light. The cornea is cloudy. The eyelids remain tightly shut and tears often run down the cheeks. The conjunctiva and iris are red and inflamed. Recurent attacks diminish the sight until complete blindness results. Causes-- Despite extensive clinical research, the causes of equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) are still unknown. In general, the diseases is thought to be an exaggerated response of the immune system to a wide range of organisms, including leptospires bacteria and and Onchocerca cervicalis parasites. Diagnosis is made based on detailed examination of the eye. Treatment--Long and vigorous treatment is necessary to control the inflammation. Antibiotic treatment is used if a bacterial cause is suspected. Corticosteroids and atropine applied to the eye are also essential. New surgical techniques for ERU have been recently developed giving horses with equine recurrent uveitis a chance of a cure, and the possibility of maintaining their eyesight. The surgery involves making an incision through the sclera and removing the infected base where the organisms are. Then, antibiotics are flushed into that tissue to kill any residual organisms. Any clouded up and inflammatory debris is also removed. Researchers at the ophthalmology department at North Carolina State UniversityWe have developed a drug delivery device (a micro-implant) for treating uveitis. The implant, which delivers a constant amount of cyclosporine (an immunosuppressive agent) within the eye, is made at NCSU and currently is being distributed free of charge to ophthalmologists who request one. PrognosisProper treatment improves the course of the disease, especially if started early. However, the disease is often complicated by secondary catarcts and detachment of retina usually result in irreversible loss of vision. Conventional treatment does not prevent recurrence and horses that have had one attack will almost invariably have another at unpredictable intervals. Prevention—Some eye problems are more preventable than others. Professor Brian Gilger, DVM, MS, Dipl. ACVO, Chief of the Ophthalmology Service, the ophthalmology department at North Carolina State University recommends that horse owners minimize the risk of eye trauma and infection by using a fly mask, and feeding hay on the ground, not from nets, bags, or elevated mangers. "They're horrible about causing eye trauma," he warns. What type of horses are affected most? —Racehorses are the population of horses most often affected by gastric ulcers with an ulcer prevalence between 63 and 90%. In contrast, a much lower prevalence (37%) of stomach ulcers is seen in pleasure horses and the degree of ulceration is less severe. Several endoscopic surveys have indicated that the frequency of gastric ulceration in Thoroughbreds in training is fairly high. Ulcers appear to be chronically progressive during training, but to regress during retirement. Symptoms—Clinical signs that typically are associated with gastric ulceration include recurrent colic for seven or more days, acute colic, poor bodily condition, and/or chronic diarrhea, poor appetite, and weight loss. Often symptoms are less obvious (such as poor performance), or not even noticeable. Foals with ulcers suck only half-hearted, grind their teeth and frequently chew on straw. Causes Large amounts of concentrated high-energy feeds, small rations of forage and a low feeding frequency per day as well as the use of spoiled food can contribute to the development of colics and ulcers. An extended period of diarrhea or treatment with NSAIDs also predisposes to gastrointestinal ulceration. Acids also are the important causes - severe ulceration of the stomach, caused by excess acidity, can develop rapidly in horses deprived of feed or not consuming feed. Compared with being turned out to pasture, stall confinement alone appears to be an important factor in the development of gastric ulcers in horses. Current therapy targets the suppression of gastric hydrochloric acid (HCl) and creation of a suitable environment for ulcer healing. Diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs, gastroscopy, and response to treatment. Treatment—Of the products available, only GastroGard (FDA approved) and ranitidine have been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of EGUS. Ranitidine is often associated with treatment failure as a result of incorrect dosing and lack of owner compliance, because of the three times daily dosing required. Also, EGUS occurs in critically ill neonatal foals, but the underlying cause may be different than in adult horses and acid-suppressive therapy may not be as effective. Other studies demonstrated that omeprazole paste is highly effective in healing gastric ulcers in Thoroughbred racehorses and that the omeprazole paste effectively prevents the recurrence of EGUS. The study also indicates that gastric ulcers in untreated horses did not demonstrate a significant rate of spontaneous healing (contrary to an existing theory of self-healing equine ulcers). Severe ulceration of the gastric squamous epithelial mucosa, caused by excess acidity, can develop rapidly in horses deprived of feed or not consuming feed. Suppression of gastric acidity with the histamine type-2 receptor antagonist ranitidine effectively minimized the area of ulceration caused by feed deprivation. Compared with being turned out to pasture, stall confinement alone appears to be an important factor in the development of gastric ulcers in horses, probably as a result of altered eating behavior. Foal heat, or "ninth day diarrhea" (which actually occurs form days 6 to 14), affects nearly all newborn foals. The stools is soft, pasty-yellow, and not profuse. The foal appears unaffected, remains bright and alert, and nurses at regular intervals. The diarrhea usually lasts fewer than 7 days. Since the diarrhea happens to occur when the mare enters her first heat after foaling, it was believed that hormones in the mare's milk caused the diarrhea. In fact, the same diarrhea also occurs in orphan foals. Newborn foals normally eat manure and feedstuffs such as grain and hay. It appears that the ingestion of these substances may upset the flora of the foal's immature intestinal tract and cause temporary diarrhea. Recent studies show that foal heat diarrhoea is most likely caused by hypersecretion in the small intestinal mucosa (the membrane of the four coats of the intestinal wall), which may overwhelm an immature colon that is unable to compensate by increased fluid and electrolyte (substance that while in solution or its pure state will conduct an electric current by means of the movement of ions; examples of electrolytes: sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium) absorption. Treatment—Diarrhea of short duration associated with the foal heat requires little treatment. Keep the foal dry and clean around its tail. Zinc oxide ointment is applied to prevent scalding of the buttocks. Luxatives, purgatives and variety of untested equine probiotic products that are commercially available are not recommended as they will make the diarrhea worse. Bacterial Pneumonia--One of the major causes of pneumonia in foals aged between 1 and 6 months with most cases occurring before 4 months is Rhodococcus equi bacteria. Inhalation of the soil-borne organism, Rhodococcus equi, can lead to a chronic and severe pneumonia in young horses and people with weak immune system. In addition, ulcerative colitis is a common result to infection in foals, and dissemination from the lung to other body sites is common in either the horse or man. Rhodococcus equi is largely a soil organism but is widespread in the feces of herbivores (animals that eat only plants). Its growth in soil is considerably improved by simple nutrients it obtains from herbivore manure. About one-third of human patients who have developed R. equi infections had contact in some way with equines or their manure. Others may have acquired infection from contact with soil or wild bird manure. Studies show that foal management practices, environmental management, and preventative health practices are risk factors for development of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals. Housing foals in stalls with dirt floors may increase the risk for development of R equi pneumonia. Also breeding farms with large acreage, a large number of mares and foals, high foal density, and a population of transient mares and foals are at high risk for foals developing pneumonia caused by R equi. Symptoms--The intestinal form of the disease may manifest itself by fever, depression, loss of appetite, weight loss, colic or diarrhea, lameness, nostril flaring and reluctance to move. Heat, pain and severe lameness are characteristics of R. equi septic arthritis. Viral Pneumonia--Equine herpes virus 2 (EHV-2). The EHP-2 is ubiquitous in the general equine population. Foals are born free of EHV-2 infection but virtually all acquire the infection during the first months of life. The common signs of EHV-2 infection include uveitis, nasal discharge, pneumonia and colic. Parasitic Pneumonia--Parasitic pneumonias are not common in horses, especially with today's deworming programs. The typical case involves horses pastured with donkeys infested with the lungworm, Dictyocaulus arnfieldi. In foals, Parascaris equorum is a more common parasite and because its life cycle involves migration through the lung, which can potentially cause signs of respiratory disease. A diagnosis of parasitic pneumonia is often difficult to obtain because it may be difficult to identify larvae in tracheal washes. Parasitic pneumonia could be suspected in foals with a poor deworming history, coughing, nasal discharge and poor response to antimicrobials. Common Symptoms of Foal Pneumonia--The earlier signs of lower airway infection in foals are probably abnormal lung sounds on auscultation, nasal discharge and/or coughing, coughing when they get up or run, respiratory rate above 30 - 40 breaths per minute, or an increased respiratory effort. Crusting may be found at the nostrils or on the bones where the foal may wipe its nose. Nasal discharge, however, may be absent or undetectable if the lower airway discharge is swallowed. Foals with lower respiratory tract infection will often cough while forced to take deep breaths, appear restless or distressed because of the rebreathing bag or show a prolonged recovery after the bag is removed. In severe cases, abdominal breathing, nostril flaring, cyanosis and pronounced exercise intolerance will be present. While most foals with early disease continue to be bright and alert, individuals with severe lesions may be depressed or lethargic and anorexic. Some foals with pneumonia will be reluctant to lie down because of increased breathing difficulties and may become very weak. Treatment--Foals of 1 to 6 months of age will commonly experience respiratory tract infections, which may not necessarily require therapy. However,when labored breathing, fever, depression or appetite, leukocytosis (an abnormal large increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood during an acute infection) occur, antimicrobial therapy should be initiated without delay. Prognosis--A favorable outcome is expected in most cases of foal pneumonia when an appropriate antimicrobial therapy is initiated early in the course of the disease. WHITE LINE DISEASE (Seedy Toe) In this disease the white line disintegrates as the result of infection caused by bacteria, yeast, or fungus. The infection starts at ground level and works its way up the white line to the coronary band. The region commonly affected is the toe back to the quarter. The loss of horn creates a hollow space between the hoof wall and the sole that becomes mealy or "seedy." Eventually, a deep recess, filled with cheesy material and debris, develops between the sole and hoof wall. White line disease seldom occurs in barefoot horses on pasture. Like many other hoof conditions, it is a disease of domestic horse management. The typical horse with white line disease is given limited exercise, bedded in damp wood shavings, kept in a wet stall, and exposed to frequent wet-to-dry episodes such as daily wash-downs or walks in wet grass. TREATMENT. With advanced disease, special shoeing techniques are required. All predisposing conditions should be corrected. CANKER Canker is a chronic infection of the horn tissue of the foot. It begins at the frog and progresses slowly to involve the sole and sometimes the wall. The disease is rare and is found almost exclusively in tropical climates. Canker develops in horses who stand in mud, or in bedding soaked with urine and feces, and who do not receive regular foot care. The cankerous horn tissue of the frog loosens readily, and when removed discloses a foul-smelling, bleeding corium covered with a curdled-white discharge. TREATMENT. consists of moving the horse to a clean, dry stable, or preferable a dry rocky pasture. Remove the shoe and thoroughly clean the frog. Apply a drying agent and bandage the foot to prevent contamination. Consult your veterinarian for best treatment regimen. Because canker often involves the corium, treatment is generally prolonged. THRUSH Thrush is a painful infection involving the frog. It is characterized by a black discharge along with poor growth and degeneration of the horn. The disease can be caused by a number of bacteria, but Fusobacterium necrophorum seems to be the most common. Treat the foot as described for canker. The prognosis is good when the sensitive structures are not involved. Acute gastric dilation is a sudden painful distention of the stomach due to a buildup of fluid or gas. The most commmon cause is grain engorgement. The grain forms a packed mass in the stomach that ferments and draws fluid into itself. Allowing a horse to drink cold water after a heavy workout is another cause of gastric dilation. A secondary type of gastric distention occurs when there is an obstruction in the small intestine or colon. The fecal contents of the bowel back up into the stomach. The stomach progressively enlarges because the horse cannot vomit to relieve the pressure. The pain of acute gastric dilation is severe and violent. It is accompanied by rolling, sweating, kicking at the abdomen, and turning the head as if to bite at the abdomen. Heart and respiratory rates are increased. The horse may exhibit shock with cold extremities. Chronic gastric dilation is a milder condition found in horses who crib and swallow large amounts of air. It also occurs in horses who suffer from gastritis, and those who eat and drink immediately after strenuous exercise. TREATMENT If the horse shows signs of abdominal distress, notify your veterinarian at once. Gastric rupture is a fatal complication of acute gastric dilation and is likely to occur if the distended stomach is not decompressed. Irrigating and flushing the stomach will relieve the problem caused by overeating or over-drinking. Dioctryl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS) helps to soften a grain impaction. Most horses with gastric dilation are dehydrated and have electrolyte and acid-base imbalances. These are usually corrected by appropriate intavenous therapy. Acute laminitis (founder) may accompany or follow an episode of acute gastric dilation. The equine eye gets its nutrition from fluids that run through special pathways in and out. Obstruction of this outflow of fluid can be the result of an abnormally developed drain (i.e., primary glaucoma) or through damage to the drain from scarring, or accumulation of debris (i.e., secondary glaucoma). The result of this obstruction is retention of fluids and increase in the pressure within the eye. Symptoms include inflammation of the iris, tumors, cataracts, cornea swollen with an excessive accumulation of fluid. At the advanced stages of the disease, the size of the eyeball may increase and eye lenses may dislocate. Equine practitioners usually consider glaucoma as the cause of any unexplained corneal edema or ocular cloudiness and in cases of severe unrelenting ocular inflammation. Accurate measurement with a portable tonometer is essential to make the definitive diagnosis and to monitor the response to therapy. Causes: The most common cause of glaucoma in horses is chronic or recurrent uveitis. Primary glaucoma usually affects both eyes, therefore the unaffected eye usually requires preventive therapy. Secondary glaucoma may not affect both eyes unless the horse has recurrent uveitis in both eyes. Treatment consists in reducing the inflammation using anti-inflammatory medications, decreasing the production of fluids or laser therapy. An outbreak of hives on a shiny coat of a performance horse might seem like an emergency because of the effect it has on plans to show or compete, but in reality it's a potential emergency for another good reason: it signals an ongoing hypersensitivity reaction, one that could escalate to full-blown allergic or anaphylactic shock. Does this mean you you should push the panic button every time your horse gets a case of so-called alfalfa bumps? Yes and no. Most cases of equine hives resolve as quickly as they appear, usually within 24 to 48 hours, and the cause is never figured out. But to shrug them off without a second thought is to invite disaster, because the horse is a practiced and infamous over-reactor to a variety of stimuli, and in most cases of fatal hypersensitivity, the groundwork for the reaction was laid months, maybe even years earlier. Which means that every outbreak of "the bumps" could be a dress rehearsal for the big one. The first bumps usually show up on the side of the neck, followed by the face, the chest, and the upper front legs. They may or may not be itchy. The bumps are initially distinct and steep-walled, and they retain a depression for several seconds when you press on them with your finger (this is called pitting edema). As they grow in size and number, they may coalesce into large plaques of swollen skin. If the outbreak also involves the tissues that line the respiratoty and digestive tracts, there may also be respiratory distress (like a severe asthma attack, with wheezing and an increasingly anxious struggle to get air) and colic pain that leads to diarrhea. The skin condition itself is not dangerous. But it's only a sign of an allergic reaction going on inside the body, and if that allergic reaction is widespread enough to involve the major organ systems such as respiratory and digestive tracts, and it's escalating, the horse could be on a fast track to collapse and death. The biggest mistake is complacency. Because the horse's body tends to be so overreactive, outbreaks of hives are seen pretty often, and as people become acclimated to the condition, they begin to see it as just a nuisance rather than a potential harbinger to a disaster, and it gets "diagnosed" as "alfalfa bumps," spider bites, beestings, creosote allergy, and a number of other unsubstantiated "conditions" that satisfy people's need to pin a reason on things. As a result, the gravity of the situation is completely missed, and the chance to get help early in the process is completely passed by. TREATMENT Medical treatment is aimed at interrupting the allergic response, employing such agents as antihistamines and corticosteroids, but it should be remembered that this is only treating signs. Another thing to bear in mind is that corticosteroids can cause founder. To truly resolve the problem, the underlying allergen must be identified and eliminated. To that effect, some diagnostic tests must be run, including blood tests and skin biopsy. If you notice that your horse is woking harder than usual to get his air, making any wheezing sounds when he breathes, then he is developing a respiratory distress. Loose manure, belly pain or exceptionally gurgly gut sounds are all evidence that your horse might be in serious trouble. Get help. Meanwhile, give him a cool bath and hold ice packs on his swollen eyelids and sooth and help calm his irritated tissues. Do not give him and medications before diagnostic tests. PINWORMS Pinworms (Oxyuris equi) are one cause of the "itchy-tail syndrome." The adult pinworm lives in the large intestine, but doesn't cause much disturbance there. Pinworms deposit their eggs around the anus, causing irritation, tail-rubbing, and hair loss. Eggs can fall to the ground wherever the horse rubs its rear end. Horses are infected with pinworms when they ingest larvae that hatch from eggs several days later. Your veterinarian will do a "scotch-tape prep" to diagnose pinworms, since there are other causes of tail-rubbing. A piece of scotch tape is pressed around the horse's anus, then pressed onto a microscope slide so the tiny pinworms eggs can be examined. Pinworms are easily treated with many dewormers, including the benzimidazole, ivermectin, and the organophosphates. TAPEWORMS Anaplocephala perfoliata and Anaplocephala magna, the equine tapeworms, are less commonly diagnosed than the other parasites. Tapeworms have an interesting life cycle, which involves a stage inside a mite. The mite eats the worm egg in the manure, the horse eats the mite, and the immature tapeworm then emerges and develops into an adult. Adult tapeworms live in and near the horse's cecum, a large dead-end extension between the small and large intestine. Large numbers of tapeworm may cause blockage of the opening into the cecum, ulcers, or even rupture of the intestine. Tapeworms can be difficult to diagnose. A standard fecal egg count may or may not reveal the eggs, and the worms are seldom seen in the manure. Many of the dewormers in use today, including ivermectin, are not effective against tapeworms. Your veterinarian will help you choose the medication to eradicate this parasite. There are many other worms that infest horse, but they probably won't be a problem for you. HABRONEMA larvae live in the stomach wall, where they form tumor like growths. These worms are also the cause of summer sores on the horse's outer body. While the stomach parasite is difficult to diagnose, it is killed by ivermectin; so you are probably eliminating any problem by using this drug in your program. DICTYOCAULUS is a lung worm of horses and donkeys. Infection with lung worms will cause a chronic cough. Immature lung worm larvae are coughed up and swallowed, so they may be seen by microscopic examination of your horse's manure. Ivermectin kills these parasites. FASCIOLA HEPATICA, the liver fluke, is a parasite of cattle and sheep that occasionally infests the horse. Signs include weight loss, colic, and diarrhea. Fluke eggs may be found only with a specific type of fecal examination. Your vet will prescribe specific treatment for flukes since they are not killed with traditional deworming medications. THELAZIA or eye worms are a problem in a few areas. They cause conjunctivitis and irritation of the cornea, which can lead to blindness if untreated. Your veterinarian removes the worms from the conjunctival sac with forceps. Infections of the middle and inner ear can be recognized by signs of labyrinthitis. The labyrinth is a complex organ composed of three semicircular canals: the utricle, saccule, and cochlea. The labyrinth is like a gyroscope. Its purpose is to synchronize eye movements and maintain posture, balance, and coordination. A horse with labyrinthitis will often assume an abnormal posture with a head tilt toward the affected side. Dizziness, incoordination, and loss of balance are evident in the staggering gait, turning and circling toward the affected side, and tendency to lean against walls and fences for support. The horse may exhibit rapid jerking movements of the eyballs, a condition called nystagmus. The usual cause of inflammation of the labyrinth is a bacterial infection of the middle and inner ear. Encephalitis, meningitis, and ryegrass staggers can produce signs of labyrinthitis. These signs can also occur with brain tumors, antibiotic-induced damage to the auditory nerves, antifreeze poisoning, and a condition called idiopathic vestibular syndrome. This syndrome is thought to be caused by a virus. TREATMENT The treatment is directed at the primary disease. Bacterial infection require high-dose antibiotic therapy. The horse should be confined to a quiet, well-bedded stall. Horses that recover from labyrinthitis may exhibit head-bobbing or a coarse tremor of the head, evident during eating or drinking. They are prone to episodes of imbalance and may pose a hazard when used for sport or pleasure. Widespread swelling of a limb below the knee or hock occurs for many reasons, including lymphangitis. A careful clinical examination of both the ffot and the swollen region of the leg is necessary to establish the cause of the swelling. Signs One or more legs are swollen. Hind legs are more commonly affected tha forelegs, and usually the entire leg is swollen up to the level of the stifle, resulting in moderate to severe lameness. Surface lymph vessels are prominent and local lymph nodes are enlarged. Serum may exude through the skin. The rectal temperature may be raised. Heavy-hunter types seem especially prone. Diagnosis The clinical signs are fairly typical. The inflammation is often secondary to a chronic low-grade infection of the leg and careful inspection usually reveals an old wound or wounds. Treatment Treatment aims to eliminate the primary infection and reduce the soft-tissue swelling. Relattively long-term treatment with appropriate antibiotics is combined with cold hosing of the leg, bandaging and exercise. Prognosis Vigorous treatment can produce rewarding results, although the leg may remain prominently thickened. The problem may be recurrent, especially in hind limbs, and careful vigilance is necessary to detect and treat small wounds as early as possible. If your horse has lymphangitis, or is prone to it, never use sports massage. SPORADIC LYMPHANGITIS This non-contagious form of Prognosis normally occurs in horses that have been overfed and kept in with restricted exercise for a few days. Typically the disease would arise in working horses stabled over the weekend. The lymphatic vessels on the inside of the leg are very visible and the leg will be hot and swollen. The horse will stop feeding and exhibit thirst along with patchy sweatting. Constipation is also a coomon feature. Consider using Aconite in the very early stages and Apis or Bovista where the signs fit in later stages when the acute signs have subsided. According to Tim Couzens, author of "Homeopathy for Horses (Threshold Picture Guide)", the most valuable interim remedy to use is Bryonia. ULCERATIVE LYMPHANGITIS This is a mildly contagious form of lymphangitis caused by a variety of bacteria including Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, streptococci, and staphylococci. It occurs most frequently in horses kept in poor, unhygienic conditions or where overcrowding occurs and follows wounding or cracked heels. One of the first signs is swelling and pain around the pastern or fetlock joints. Nodules then develop in the tissues, following the course of the lymphatic vessels, especially around the fetlock region. These can grow quite large and burst releasing green pus. Affected areas then ulcerate. Local lymphatic vessels enlarge and become thickened. Affected areas will slowly heal, but more nodules and ulcers can occur over a period of several months. Tim Couzens, author of "Homeopathy for Horses (Threshold Picture Guide)", recommends Merc Sol as the main remedy to use where the nodules have bust and are discharging pus where there are ulcers that bleed easily when touched. Dose: 30c 3 times daily.. Anthracinum is useful where there is no response to Merc Sol, or where crops of discharging nodules keep appearing. Other useful remedies include Muriaticum acid 30c to help heal limb ulcers, Kali iod 30c to prevent more nodules appearing and Silica 30c to help remove scar tissue if the condition has become chronic. Navicular disease is an inflammation of bursa, deep flexor tendon and navicular bone. Bone and tendon develop adhesions which cause pain and lameness. The genetic predisposition to navicular disease is proven nowadays, but otherwise, what causes it is still unclear. Horses with navicular disease have an increased load on the navicular bone in early stance. This has been suggested to be a response to pain in the heel region. The horse responds to heel pain (including pain in the navicular region) by contracting the deep digital flexor muscle to unload the heels. This increases the compressive load on the navicular bone, which may cause damage to the overlying flexor cartilage, which is then painful and identified as navicular disease. Symptoms - Occasional lameness which decreases on rest and after work (horse warms up); standing with affected toe pointed; shuffling gait, especially if both forefeet affected. Diagnosis On X-ray navicular bone has ragged edge and areas of rarefied bone and nerve block. Treatment - Navicular syndrome can be treated in a variety of ways. This is related to the fact that it has a variety of causes. Treatment may include stallrest, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and orthopaedic shoeing plus intrabursal injections of short-acting corticosteroids and hyaluronic acid. Many veterinarians recommend shoeing as the primary therapy. Shoeing is performed to correct preexisting problems, enhance physiologic function of the foot, and ease breakover of the foot. Shoeing is reported to be most effective when performed within 8 months of the first signs of lameness. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are not used unless radical changes have been made in the shoeing. Approximately 75% of the horses improve in their performance. If therapy does not improve the horse within 6 to 12 weeks, surgery may give permanent relief. Prognosis - The disease is progressive, and affected horses eventually will need to be retired because of lameness. Often horses with navicular disease remain undiagnosed until the disease has advanced to the stage where problems exist in the foot or to where the conformation-balance of the hoof is irrecoverable. The key to controlling the disease is prevention by maintaining good overall hoof husbandry. Onchocerciasis (Ventral Midline dermatitis) is a skin isease caused by a hair-like worm called Onchocerca cervicalis. The adult worm lives in connective tissue of the horse's neck. The majority of horses in the United States are infected, but a few develop a dermatitis. It is believed that the skin response is due to an allergic reactionn to the dying microfilaria (prelarvae stage of worms released by female worm into the bloodstream). The filaria migrate under the skin and settle primarily on the midline of the abdomen from the chest to the groin, especially around the umbilicus. Other sites are the withers, face, eyelids, and legs. At these sites the parasites produce an itchy skin disorder with redness, moist shallow sores, crusting and scaling, and patchy hair loss. Spots up to 10 inches in diameter can develop. Scarring and loss of skin pigmentation may also develop. These open sores attract Culicoides gnats and other flying insects. Gnats feeding on the open sores pick up filaria and introduce them to a new host. Biting flies and other insects aggravate the skin disorder and create pyoderma. TREATMENT Ivermectin paste is completely effective in ridding the horse of filaria within 2 to 3 weeks. Minor reactions can occur with the use. Veterinary supervision is advised. Adult worms are not affected by deworming agents and therefore serve as a reservoir for recurring infection. To keep the skin free of disease, ivermectin must be repeated at 4-month intervals. A deworming program incorporating ivermectin will effectively control the onchocerciasis. NOTE:The filaria are capable of penetrating the eye and producing uveitis, a leading cause of blindness in horses. Osteochondrosis occurs particularly in young, rapidly growing individuals. There is probably a genetic predisposition in foals. Encouraging a horse to grow quickly using high planes of nutrition may increase the risk of the disease. The stifle and hock are most commonly affected in the hind leg and the shoulder joint in the front leg. The clinical signes are usually evident in the first two years of life. During development of bone, cartilage is converted to bone. Impaired blood supply to the cartilage will delay conversion of the cartilage to bone and result in abnormally thick cartilage on the joint surfaces, the lower layers of which may die. THerefore the cartilage on the joint surface is only loosely attached to the underlying bone and may become detached. This causes inflammation within the joint and production of excess synovial fluid, with the result that the joint capsule becomes distended. Although some joints may have mild osteochondrosis without clinical signs, the majority of lesions cause lameness and deteriorate if not treated. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and is confirmed by a combination of physical examination, scintigraphy, and radiography. Arthroscopy (examination with a camera inserted into the joint through a small incision of about 1/2 inch) can be used to confirm the diagnosis and treat cartilage and subchondral bone lesions. The disease often affects both stifles, so it is important to take radiographs of both joints even if only one is obviously affected. Symptoms include joint swelling and lameness. Treatment is by surgery. Abnormal cartilage is stripped off the underlying bone and the bone is scraped until healthy bleeding bone is exposed. Prognosis--Young and middle-aged horses with mild osteochondral lesions of the shoulder joints have a good prognosis for return to performance following arthroscopic treatment. Intestinal parasites are an important cause of death in horses of all types. The prevalence of many intestinal helminths is high and, within any population of horses, certain individuals can harbor large numbers of parasites, which may lead to disease. Pinworms (Oxyuris Equi)are nematodes that occur in the large intestine of horse throughout the world. The males are small, but the females may reach 4 inches long and are white-gray in color, with a long tail tapering to a point, hence the name pinworm. SIGNS The presence of the female worms laying their eggs and particularly the presence of the eggs themselves stuck in a gelatinous mass around the anus are irritating, so affected horses will rub their tails. TREATMENT There are several types of deworming compounds: Ivermectin, Moxidectin, Fenbendazole, Pyrantels (Pyrantel Pamoate), and Quasiquantels. Each compound works differently in the horse to destroy internal parasites. Ivermectin paste administered to horses orally continues to be highly effective for treatment and control of a broad range of small and large strongyle species as well as other species of gastrointestinal parasites. PREVENTION Measures are not usually applied specifically for the control of pinworms. Any program of treatment to control the strongyles will control the infection with pinworms. In fact, the presence of pinworms may suggest that the srongyle control program is not being applied properly and the complete worming program should be reviewed. All incoming or returning horses should be quarantine drenched with an effective product. This product should also be able to remove inhibited (and potentially resistant) larvae. Moxidectin appears to have an advantage here. Ddon't breed from wormy horses. In time this should lead to reduced pasture pollution. Use pasture management. Pick up feces. Pyoderma is a bacterial skin infection that drains pus. Many cases are the result of self-mutilation. When a horse rubs or bites at a persistent irritant to its skin, the skin becomes infected. Always look for another skin disease before concluding that pyoderma is the only problem the horse has. CELLULITIS is an infection of the deep layer of the skin. Most cases are caused by puncture wounds, scratches, and cuts. Horses are aprticularly prone to such injuries. Many wound infections can be prevented by proper early treatment of wounds. Signs of cellulitis are pain (tenderness to pressure), warmth (the skin feels hotter than normal), firmness (not as soft as normal), and change in color (it appears redder than normal). As infection spreads out from the wound, you may feel tender cords which are swollen lymphatic channels. Regional lymph nodes may enlarge. This is a stage beyond cellulitis and is characterized by two disease (ulcerative lymphangitis and malignant edema). A skin ABSCESS is a localized pocket of pus. Pimples, furuncles, and boils are examples of small skin abscesses. An abscess is fluctuant and feels like fluid under pressure. The following skin infections are of particular importance: FOLLICULITIS ("Summer Rash"). This is a hair-pore infection nearly always caused by a Staphylococcus bacteria. It tends to occur in hot weather as a consequence of excessive sweating and friction to the skin from ill-fitting tack. Small pimples appear, usually at points of contact in the saddle or harness areas. These pimples enlarge and form pustules. The pustules rupture and exude pus. Crusts form and the hair becomes matted. Folliculitis can be prevented by good hygiene, such as brushing and cleaning the skin and coat after workouts, and using clean dry blankets beneath saddles. FURUNCULOSIS. This is a deep-seated hair-pore infection with draining tracts and patchy hair loss. It is a progressive form of folliculitis and more difficult to treat. Tail Pyoderma. This condition begins as an itchy skin disorder caused by mange mite or pinworms. As the horse scratches, rubs, and abrades the skin of its tail, secondary staph infection occurs and pustules develop. The ailment is complicated by furunculosis, and by abscesses that rupture and drain in an unending cycle. Hair is lost on the top of the tail. Treatment is most difficult. TREATMENT OF PYODERMA Any underlying itschy skind disorder should be treated to eliminate rubbing, biting, and self-mutilation. Localize the skin infection by clipping away the hair and applying warm soaks for 15 minutes 3 times a day. Saline soaks, made by adding a cup of Epsom salts to a gallon of warm water, make a good poultice. Daily Betadine scrubs help to loosen scabs and promote cleanliness. Topical antibiotics such as nitrofurazone or Triple Antibiotic Ointment are of value and should be applied 2 to 3 times a day. Oral or injectable antibiotics are used to treating wound infections, cellulitis, abscesses, furuncles, and tail pyoderma. Most skin bacteria respond well to penicillin, oxytetracycline, or trimethoprim-sulfadiazine. Rhinopneumonitis virus (rhino) can cause respiratory disease, abortion, or neurological signs. Rhinopneumonitis is caused by an equine herpes virus, EHV-1. The equine herpes virus labeled EHV-2 does not cause disease, and EHV-3 causes a venereal disease). One thing that all herpes viruses have in common is their ability to live within their host indefinitely. Once a horse is infected with rhinopneumonitis, it seems that infection can be reactivated later when the horse is stressed. Young horses are most often affected when they are brought together in groups. Rhinopneumonitis is spread between coughing horses or on the hands of unknowing people. An upper respiratory infection is a common result of virus invasion. Uncomplicated cases will resolve on their own in a week or two. Occasionally the illness will leave the horse susceptible to bacterial pneumonia or a guttural-pouch infection. Another common result of rhino infection is abortion in pregnant mares. Some mares will carry their fetus to term, only to deliver a weak sickly foal with slim chances of survival. The neurological form of rhinopneumonitis is less common. A high fever precedes the development of signs ranging from incoordination and weakness to paralysis. These horses may recover with nursing care, but it can take anywhere from a few days to several months. Two different subtypes of the EHV-1 virus exist in nature. Subtype one usually causes abortion or nervous system disease (myeloencephalopathy), while subtype two (sometimes called EHV-4) is most often the cause of respiratory infections. There are two kinds of vaccine available now to help protect your horse from rhinopneumonitis. One is a modified live-virus vaccine, while the other contains a killed product. Whether killed or live, many rhino vaccines contain only subtype one, the major cause of abortions. Recent studies show that a protection induced by the modified-live virus vaccine is superior to that induced by the inactivated combination vaccine (1). Many vaccines that are currently available contain only EHV-1 subtype one. It's hoped that the two strains of virus have enough in common that vaccination offers some protection against subtype two, the cause of respiratory disease. Vaccines have recently been produced that contain subtype 2, of EHV-4. While respiratory infection is not prevented, its severity is reduced and the length of illness shortened when any vaccine is used. For the competitive show or race horse, any advantage is better than none. Rhino vaccinations are not necessary for the adult pleasure horse. Watch for new developments, since research continues in the search for a better vaccine. Once ingested, the virus multiplies enormously in the cells of the intestine, destroying large numbers of cells that are responsible for the absorption of fluids and nutrients. The resulting diarrhea contains millions of viral particles which contaminate the foaling box and provide a potent source of infection for the next foal that uses the box. Symptoms Foals from 2 days to 6 months may be affected. The first signs include diminished sucking and a foul-smelling diarrhea; this can range from watery to semi-solid and from bright yellow to grey-green in color. Affected foals are dull and depresses but have a normal temperature, young foals can easily become dehydrated and even more depressed with sunken eyes and a tight skin. Diagnosis Diagnosis is made by identification of virus in the feces; several test methods are available. Requesting that the laboratory test specifically for rotavirus, collecting feces early in the course of disease, and sampling several foals improve the chances of viral detection. Treatment Antibiotics are not used. Treatment is generally supportive and requires plenty of fluids. Absorbent drugs and lactobacillus-rich foods such as natural yogurt, help to ensure a swift retuen to normal. A vaccine for pregnant mares to induce colostral antibodies directed at reducing the risk of rotavirus infection in their foals is available. Prognosis The damage done to the intestinal lining is quickly repaired and the diarrhea is normally over in 3 to 4 days. Salmonellosis is a common cause of acute enterocolitis and diarrhea in the horse. However, equine diarrhea can be caused by many bacteria and Salmonella infection accounts for relatively few cases. Horses of all ages and under all conditions of management may be affected although the young, old and debilitated are the most susceptible. There are over 2000 Salmonella types of bacteria, not all of which can cause disease in animals. A small number have been isolated from horses, and Salmonella Typhimurium is by far the most common type identified from clinical disease. Salmonella infection in horses is manifest as a variety of clinical signs. These range from acute diarrhea in young horses; a shock-like condition without diarrhea; mild to severe abdominal pain mimicking equine colic episodes where diarrhea may or may not develop; and protracted diarrhea. Equine salmonellosis is commonly associated with stressful conditions such as transport, exhaustion, general anaesthesia, surgery, antibiotic or deworming medications, change in feed or management or weaning. These events may precipitate changes in food intake, bowel movements and in the normal intestinal microbial flora allowing overgrowth of Salmonella which are present in the intestinal tract of many healthy horses. The development of the disease depends on the immune status of the horse, the bacteria type involved and the presence of external factors. SIGNS Acute diarrhea can occur at any age but is most prevalent in young performance horses. Signs include fever, depression, abdominal pain and dark red mucous membranes. Diarrhea, which may not appear for 2 to 4 days, is watery, foul-smelling, and may persist for up to 4 weeks despite therapy. The shock-like syndrome is more likely to occur in adult horses. Death can follow 6 to 12 hours after the first appearance of abdominal signs. Very young foals may develop an acute generalized infection (septicemia). Older foals may have severe enteritis followed by spreading of the bacteria to joints, the growth region of bones, the lungs, kidneys or central nervous system. Chronic diarrhea is rarely attributed to Salmonella infection but can represent the recovery phase after an acute episode. Confirmation of Salmonella infection depends upon isolating the organism from the feces of affected animals. Horses infected with Salmonella Infantum may develop oral ulcers, limb swelling, weight loss, limb lameness, liver disease, and general weakness. The prognosis is poor. TREATMENT The major objective in treating diarrhea in the horse (whatever the age) is to restore and maintain fluid and electrolyte balance. In the acute stage this may require administration of large volumes of fluids intravenously over 12 to 24 hours or longer. Plasma transfusions may even be indicated in very severe cases. If the animal's condition stabilizes, further fluids can be given orally by stomach tube or by allowing access to water containing electrolyte solutions (fresh water must be available). Normal fecal consistency will be restored most often without using other medications including antidiarrheal agents. Foals with septicemia usually receive a course of IV antibiotics. PREVENTION Salmonellosis is a highly infectious disease, and the build-up of contamination in the environment of the infected horse can place other animals at risk. Ideally, suspected or confirmed cases should be isolated, and strict sanitation measures observed (bleach is the most effective surface disinfectant). Many serotypes of Salmonella Typhimurium are pathogenic for humans. Salmonella Typhimurium definitive type 104 (DT104) has emerged as a common cause of salmonellosis in humans and cattle, yet previous reports involving horses are sparse. The most effective prevention involves good management practices to reduce stressful situations and sanitation. Horses with the history of exposure to antimicrobial drugs prior to hospitalization and abdominal surgery during hospitalization are associated with Salmonella shedding in adult horses with gastrointestinal tract disease. Foals with gastrointestinal tract disease are more likely to shed Salmonella organisms than are adult horses with gastrointestinal tract disease. Risk of Salmonella infections is greater for horses with large colon impactions. Many horses develop superficial sandcracks and never become lame. However, sandcracks can reach into the sensitive layers of the hoof wall or extend into the coronary band, and in those more serious cases, infection can develop resulting in acute lameness. Fissures that originate from the coronary band are generally caused by a defect in the band which results from a wound to that point—the quality of hoof produced at this site is poor, adn when this grows down the hoof a verical crack is formed. Large wounds, bruises or infection breaking out at the coronary band cause a horizontal crack which extends partway round the hoof wall. These rarely cause any trouble until they grow down to near the ground surface, when the section of hoof below the crack may break off. This can cause shoeing problems until the defect has grown out. A permanent sandcrack is formed when the coronary band is damaged. Thus when the cells that produce the horn are damaged they are unable to produce horn to heal up the crack that has occurred. Cracks that extend from the ground surface upwards are caused by an unbalanced or overgrown foot. The unequal forces acting on the foot cause separation of the horn tubules, which extends up the foot until the bond between tubules is stronger than the separating force. Treatment An infected crack must be trimmed out, and all evidence of infection removed. Antibiotic treatment, both local and systemic, will probably be needed, together with daily dressing. Once the horse is sound, the defect can be stabilised by filling the trimmed-out crack with a synthetic resin and fixing it with staples or wire lacing. Another method of fixation is to build up a fiberglass pad over the filled crack. Small screws are used to secure the pad to the hoof wall on each side of the crack. Prognosis Sandcracks oroginating from the ground surface generally respond to regular foot trimming and balancing. Summer Seasonal Recurrent Dermatitis (SSRD), commonly referred to as sweet itch, or summer eczema is considered to be caused by an allergic reaction to the saliva of Culicoides flies (also called midges and "no-see-ums"), grass protein, and filariad worm larvae. Sweet itch occurs only in the late spring and summer when insects are present; during the winter months the skin heals and the hair grows back. The majority of horses do not have an allergic reaction to midge bites, but in an unfortunate 5% the immune system over-reacts producing irritable skin conditions. Horses which are not introduced to the antigens of the biting insects early in life, are most predisposed to develop hypersensitivity to midges saliva. Diagnosis is made based on the history, signs, location of the lesions and response to treatment. Diagnosis is difficult since other allergies and other skin parasites cause similar types of wounds. Symptoms--The fly bites form blisters. Areas of hair loss, crusting, and scaling can be found on the head, neck, shoulders, mane and tail. The allergic reaction to the fly bites starts as a very small, itchy nodule, and the horse will rub and bite at itself. Initially the hair is lost and crusts are seen on the ears and the base of the tail. Eventually the whole back of the horse can become reddened, with crusts and scaly materila over the surface for prolonged periods. Untreated cases develop skin sores and ulcers that are impossible to heal. Treatment & Prognosis--The allergy becomes a chronic condition and requires costant treatment with oral or topical steroids to stop the cycle and anti-inflammatory drugs to control swelling and ease discomfort. Other lotions and remedies have been used, horse drugs, horse medications, horse liniment, horse products, horse supply, horse supplements, cattle supplies but they will only alleviate the problem temporarily. Moving the horse at least 1/2 mile from the breeding areas od the midges is the key to successful treatment. Prevention--The only effective way to prevent the lesions in hypersensitive horses is to protect them from the bites of Culicoides midges each year. Various management changes can significantly reduce the number of flies and the type of flies: The house fly and stable fly breed in piles of horse manure. Their breeding and numbers can be reduced greatly by effective removal and desinfection of horse manure. Spraying the walls and partitions of the stables with insecticides (every few days to weeks) will kill flies. Spraying the horse with an insecticide. Keeping horses away from water where flies breed will prevent attack on hot days. Use screens and insecticide strips. Use neck straps and head-collar strips or tags with insecticide. Keep horses indoors when the insects feed: from two hours before dusk to two hours after dawn. Keep horses covered with sheets and fly masks. A new vaccine designed to alleviate the distress of sweet itch is available for horse owners to try. The vaccine, which works at removing the excessive reaction to the bites of Culicoides midges, has had promising effects in preliminary trials. Sweet Itch vaccine trial A splint is a soft swelling or a bony enlargement that occurs between the splint bone and cannon bone. The size of a splint can vary from a tiny bump to a large, ugly swelling, and its effects range from an unsightly blemish to a severe lameness. A new, acute, or "hot," splint is usually accompanied by heat, swelling, and pain; the horse may or may not be lame. An old "cold" splint is a hard bump or blemish that usually does not cause pain. CAUSES Splints can have several causes. The syndrome is common in young horses in which the ligament attachment of the splint bone to the cannon bone has not yet hardened into bone. Stretching or tearing of the ligament causes new bone to be laid down, and a firm swelling results. Sometimes, too, the splint bone fractures. Splints in young horses usually occur on the inside of the front legs, since this area bears the most weight. Certain conformation faults predispose horse to developing splints. Horses with "bench knees" (a condition in which the knee is offset to the inside relative to the cannon bone) place more stress on the splint bone. The horse with a base-narrow, toed-out stance is prone to hit the inside of one leg with the opposite foot and a cause of a splint. Splints can occur in horses of any age because of trauma or a blow to the leg. Traumatic splints occur in either the outside or inside of the leg, and are just as common on the hind legs as on the front. Always have your veterinarian radiograph (X-ray) the splint to be sure there is no fracture. Young horses can sometimes continue to work if training is gradual and no fracture is found. However, to reduce the size of the lump, allow the horse to rest and wrap the leg until the splint "cools out" (no heat or pain remains). Alternate cold therapy with sweat wraps to minimize tissue reaction and reduce the size of the bump, since the size of the splint can only diminish while the splint is hot. A permanent blemish often remains after the splint has cooled, but the horse is usually not lame. Large splints can cause lameness even after they are cold if there is enough bone growth to interfere with movement of the ligaments and tendons at the back of the leg. This is less likely to happen if you spot the problem early and take extra precautions to prevent it from progressing. Sporotrichosis is a worldwide disease caused by Sporothrix schenckii, a yeast-like fungus present on vegetation, particularly on the thorns of roses and on plants that carry sharp spicules, or needlelike projections. A draining sore develops at the site of a puncture wound. This usually occurs on the leg but sometimes on the upper body. livestock supplies, cattle medicine, cattle prod, cattle feed, cow supplies. Nodules appear beneath the skin along the course of lymphatics. The nodules ulcerate, discharge pus, crust over, and heal slowly. The diagnosis is made by taking a sample of wound discharge for fungus culture, or a specimen of infected tissue for fluorescent antibody testing. The disease at times resembles ulcerative Lymphangitis. TREATMENT The frequent application of warm packs is highly beneficial, as the fungus is particularly sensitive to heat. Sporotrichosis often responds to oral iodine therapy when given for several weeks. To prevent relapse, continue treatment 4 weeks beyond healing. In horses that relapse or do not respond to the above, various drugs used to treat human fungus diseases can be tried under close veterinary supervision. Sporotrichosis can be transmitted to people. Use disposable rubber gloves and hygienic techniques when handling infected material. Strangles remains one of the most commonly diagnosed and important infectious diseases of horses world-wide. Strangles infection is extremely contagious. Contaminated tack, feeding utensils, water tubs and bedding are all potent sources of infection. The organism gains entry to the body at the back of the throat and rapidly settles in the tonsils and lymph nodes. From there it spreads to the lymph glands of the head and neck, and causes the swelling and abcess formation so typical of the disease. Most horses recover with no complications, and some 70% develop life-long immunity. It is thought that other 30% become carriers of the disease. Symptoms--Affected animals have a fever, a nasal discharge at first watery then mucous, and poor appetite. Head carriage may be stiffer than normal, swallowing may be difficult and a soft cough heard. Lymph nodes beneath the lower jaw enlarge. These swelling can impair breathing, (hence "strangles") by compressing the airways. Usually horses recover rapidly once the swelling ruptures. Occasionally lymph nodes fail to filter the infection, which spreads to other systems (bastard strangles) producing abcesses, aspiration pneumonia and pleuritis, and even brain damage by inducing metastatic brain abscesses. Diagnosis is made based on clinical signs and confirmed on bacteriological culture, since the presence of swollen lymph nodes under the jaw can indicate many other respiratory diseases (EHV-1 infection etc.) Recent findings suggest that S. equi meningoencephalomyelitis should be considered for foals with neurologic signs that have a history of strangles or exposure to affected horses. Treatment--The nostrils should be cleaned, hot pads applied to the swelling, and soft, easily swallowed feed provided. Strict hygienic measures should be observed as the organism can be transmitted on hands and clothes. Treatment of choice is administration of potassium penicillin and fluids. Antibiotics are used in severe cases, particularly when the infection spreads to lungs and abdomen. Prevention is possible. In a closed herd situation, new arrivals should be isolated for 2 weeks. Since the organism can be shed from draining abcesses for up to 4 weeks and can remain viable for another month or longer, affected horses should be isolated. In-contact animals should be quarantined and observed for signs. However, current antibiotic therapy is often ineffective and thus recent attention has focused on vaccine development. Traditional stringhalt is a poorly understood condition in which the horse hyperflexes one or both hocks. It usually occurs in adult horses, is gradual in onset, and be slowly progressive. The majority of horses recover completely, but a few deteriorate progressively. The condition may be caused by ingestion of a plant toxin. Signs The horse exaggeratedly flexes one or both hind limbs when in motion. The abnormality is sometimes evident at all paces, but it is usually most apparent at walk, especially if the horse is turned or backed, and may disappear at trot. The condition may be intermittent and remain static or deteriorate. Treatment Most often, the cause of the condition is unknown. Some horses are successfully treated by the removal of a piece of the lateral digital extensor tendon at the level of the hock. Prognosis Unless the gait abnormality is extremely severe, affected horses are usually able to perform adequately, including jumping, but are unsuitable fro dressage. A guarded to fair prognosis is warranted after surgery. Some horses improve initially but subsequently relapse.
Premiers soins et du traitement des plaies
This classification is by far the largest, and encompasses the greatest variety of drugs. Cette classification est de loin la plus importante, et comprend la plus grande variété de drogues.
There are products to: Il ya des produits à:
Stop Bleeding Stop Bleeding
Disinfect Wounds Désinfecter les plaies
Promote Healing Promouvoir la guérison
Treat Bloat Traiter météorisation
Treat Constipation Traiter la constipation
Pink Eye Pink Eye
Ketosis Cétose
Lumpy Jaw Grumeleuse Jaw
There are also local anaesthetics for freezing specific parts of the body prior to minor surgery. Il existe également des anesthésiques locaux pour le gel des parties spécifiques du corps avant la chirurgie mineure.
First Aid and wound treatment affects all livestock and therefore, this section is of value to everyone. Premiers soins et le traitement des plaies affecte l'ensemble du bétail et, par conséquent, la présente section est de la valeur à tout le monde. CATTLE Product: SODIUM SULFAMETHAZINE SOLUTION 25% 4L Item: 10L-SSUL2 An apple flavored solution of sulfamethazine, "Sulfa 25" is indicated For the treatment of bacterial infections such as Metritis, Bacterial Enteritis (Scours), Acute Mastitis, Acute Bacterial Respiratory Infections. BOVINS produit: SULFAMETHAZINE SOLUTION DE SODIUM 25% 4L Point: 10L-SSUL2 Une pomme à saveur de solution sulfaméthazine, "Sulfa 25» est indiqué pour le traitement des infections bactériennes comme la métrite, Entérite bactérienne (diarrhée), la mammite aiguë, les infections respiratoires aiguës bactériennes . Product: DOMCOL SOLUTION 20l AND 4 L Item: 10L-DOMC1 As an aid in the prevention and treatment of Acetonemia in cattle and sheep. Produit: DOMCOL ET SOLUTION 20l Point 4 L: 10L-DOMC1 Comme une aide dans la prévention et le traitement des Acetonemia chez les bovins et les ovins. Administer orally in the drinking water, in the feed, or as a drench. Administrer par voie orale dans l'eau potable, dans les aliments pour animaux, ou en tant que drench. Product: BLOAT-EZE 340ML Item: 10L-BLGO1 Bloat-Eze is recommended as an aid in the treatment of frothy bloat in cattle, sheep and goats. Produit: BLOAT-EZE 340ML Point: 10L-BLGO1 météorisation-Eze est recommandé comme une aide dans le traitement de la mousse de météorisation chez les bovins, les moutons et les chèvres. Can be also used as a laxative and stool softener. Peut être aussi utilisée comme laxatif et fécal. As an aid in the treatment of frothy bloat in ruminants and in the treatment of constipation. Comme une aide dans le traitement de la mousse de météorisation chez les ruminants et dans le traitement de la constipation. Product: SUPER SCOUR CALF BOLUS 25’s and 50’S Item: 10B-SSBO2 For use in the oral treatment and prevention of diarrhea (scours) and entertitis of bacterial origin. Produit: SUPER SCOUR CALF BOLUS 25'S et 50's Point: 10B-SSBO2 Pour l'utilisation orale dans le traitement et la prévention de la diarrhée (diarrhée) et entertitis d'origine bactérienne. Vitamin A is included to supplement or replace loss. La vitamine A est inclus pour compléter ou remplacer la perte. Atropine and Hyoscyamine are added to id in the reduction of intestinal hypermotility which often accompanies acute diarrhea. Atropine et Hyoscyamine sont ajoutés à id, à la réduction de hypermotilité intestinale qui accompagne souvent la diarrhée aiguë. Product: VITAMIN A&D INJECTABLE 100ML and 250ML Item: 10I-A&D250 This injectable vitamin combination is indicated for the prevention and treatment of Vitamin AD deficiencies in cattle, sheep, and swine. Produit: VITAMINE A et D et 250ML INJECTABLE 100ML Point: 10I-A & D250 Cette combinaison de vitamines injectables est indiqué pour la prévention et le traitement des carences en vitamine AD bovins, les moutons et les porcs. Product: IODINE SPRAY500ML Item: 10L-ISPRA Antiseptic Iodine Spray contains an iodine complex which provides the active iodine in a non-staining, non-stinging from upon topical application. Produit: IODEE SPRAY500ML Point: 10L-ISPRA Antiseptique iode iode Spray contient un complexe qui fournit l'iode dans un actif non-souillant, non de picotement à l'application topique. The alcohol base aids in producing a quick drying product, which does not delay wound healing. La base de l'alcool aide à la production d'un produit de sécher rapidement, ce qui ne retarde pas la cicatrisation de la plaie. As an aid in the treatment of and control of bacterial infections of superficial wounds, cuts and abrasions, navel stumps, dockings, and castration wounds. Comme une aide dans le traitement et le contrôle des infections bactériennes des plaies superficielles, des coupures et des écorchures, des moignons nombril, les ports d'escale, et la castration des plaies. Also for disinfection of skin areas prior to injections or surgical procedures. Aussi pour la désinfection de la peau avant que les zones d'injections ou de procédures chirurgicales. If redness, irritation, or swelling persists or increases, discontinue use and consult a Veterinarian. Si des rougeurs, des irritations ou enflure persiste ou augmente, cesser l'emploi et consulter un vétérinaire. Product: STRONGER IODINE TINCTURE 7% 500ML and 4L Item: 10L-ITIN2 As an antiseptic for topical use, a counter-irritant in chronic inflammatory conditions and as a parasiticide in ringworm. Produit: STRONGER IODEE TINCTURE 7% 500 ml et 4L Point: 10L-ITIN2 Comme un antiseptique pour usage topique, une contre-irritant dans les conditions et inflammatoires chroniques comme la teigne en parasiticide. May be used as a pre- and post-operative dressing. Peut être utilisé comme pré-et post-opératoires vinaigrette. Product: DEHORNING PASTE 100G JAR and 85G SQUEEZE Item: 10O-DHORN To prevent horn growth and remove horn buttons on calves. Produit: DEHORNING PATE 100G et JAR 85G SQUEEZE Point: 10O-DHORN Pour empêcher la croissance et le klaxon enlever les boutons de corne sur les veaux. Apply a thin film on horn buttons as soon as they can be felt. Appliquer une couche mince sur des boutons de corne dès qu'ils peuvent se faire sentir. Isolate calves for 30 minutes to prevent paste removal by rubbing. Isoler les veaux pendant 30 minutes pour empêcher la pâte d'éloignement par frottement. Protect calves from rain and snow. Veaux protéger de la pluie et de neige. HORSES Product: ZEV COUGH REMEDY2L Item: 11L-ZEV2L For Horses ZEV aids in the temporary relief of coughs associated with minor upperSaturate dry, affected area. or mild bronchial irritations. CHEVAUX produit: ZEV TOUX REMEDY2L Point: 11L-ZEV2L Pour Chevaux ZEV aides dans le soulagement temporaire de la toux associée à quelques problèmes des voies respiratoires supérieures ou une légère irritation des bronches. It can also be used as an appetizer and tonic conditioner or for the temporary relief of nasal congestion. Il peut également être utilisé comme apéritif et tonique conditionneur ou pour le soulagement temporaire de la congestion nasale. For Dogs: ZEV can be used as an appetizer and tonic conditioner. Pour Chiens: ZEV peut être utilisé comme un apéritif et tonique conditionné. It can also be used for the temporary relief of coughs associated with minor upperSaturate dry, affected area. or mild bronchial irritations. Il peut également être utilisé pour le soulagement temporaire de la toux associée à quelques problèmes des voies respiratoires supérieures ou une légère irritation des bronches. Product: EQUICELL-RED CELL 4L Item: 11L-EQUICREDCELL Equicell-R is a liquid feed supplement for horses, fortified with iron, and formulated to provide supplemental vitamins and minerals which may be lacking in the horse’s normal feed Product: KOPPER KARE 475 ML Item: 10L-KKARE Kopper Kare is a fungicide-antiseptic-astringent solution indicated for use in the treatment of footrot on cattle and sheep; thrush, hoof punctures, cracked hooves, and spongy hooves in horses, ringworm, wounds, after dehorning; and as a pad toughener in dogs. Produit: EQUICELL-RED CELL 4L Point: 11L-EQUICREDCELL Equicell-R est un liquide, les compléments alimentaires pour les chevaux, enrichis de fer, et formulé pour fournir des vitamines et minéraux qui peuvent faire défaut dans l'alimentation du cheval normale du produit: KOPPER KARE 475 ML Article: 10L-KKARE Kopper Kare est un fongicide-solution antiseptique-astringent indiqué dans le traitement de footrot sur les bovins et les ovins; muguet, sabot crevaisons, les sabots fissurés, et spongieux sabots des chevaux, la teigne, plaies, après écornage , Et comme un pad toughener chez les chiens. Product: SHIN-BAND HORSE LINIMENT 250ML Item: 11L-SHINBAND Shin-Band is a rubefacient (counterirritant) liniment, with antiseptic properties, for use in horses, as an aid in the prevention of bucked shins and in the temporary relief of pain and discomfort associated with splints, osslets, big knee swelling, sore tendons, muscular soreness, and soft ankles. Produit: SHIN-BAND HORSE LINIMENT 250ML Point: 11L-SHINBAND Shin-bande est une rubefacient (counterirritant) liniment, avec des propriétés antiseptiques, pour utilisation chez les chevaux, c'est une aide à la prévention des bucked tibias et dans le soulagement temporaire de la douleur et Inconfort associé à attelles, osslets, grosse enflure du genou, douleurs des tendons, des douleurs musculaires, des chevilles et doux. Product: PINK EYE/KERAPLEX 500ML Item: 10L-PEGUA500 A purple liquid containing neomycin, Keraplex is indicated as an aid in the treatment of pink eye in cattle due to bacteria susceptible to neomycin, and topically as a wound dressing for minor cuts, and abrasions of cattle, sheep, and horses. Produit: PINK EYE / KERAPLEX 500 ml Article: 10L-PEGUA500 Un liquide contenant de la néomycine violet, Keraplex est indiquée comme aide dans le traitement de l'œil rose chez les bovins dues à des bactéries sensibles à la néomycine, topique et s'habiller comme une plaie pour les coupures, et Écorchures de bovins, les moutons et les chevaux. Product: NITRO OINTMENT Item: 10O-NITR3 Nitro Ointment is used for the local treatment and prevention of bacterial infections of wounds, burns, coetaneous ulcers, and cracked heels in horses. Produit: NITRO ONGUENT Point: 10O-NITR3 Nitro pommade est utilisée pour le traitement local et la prévention des infections bactériennes des plaies, les brûlures, ulcères coetaneous et fissurés talons en chevaux. It can also also be used for the treatment of pyodermas in horses. Il peut également être utilisé pour le traitement de pyodermas en chevaux. Septic arthritis may occur in any joint. Arthrite septique peut survenir dans n'importe quelle commune. Horses with septic arthritis present with severe lameness, joint swelling, fever, loss of appetite, stiffness and pain. Chevaux à présent avec l'arthrite septique sévère boiterie, gonflement des articulations, de la fièvre, une perte d'appétit, la raideur et la douleur. Bone changes are more severe and progress rapidly and are usually visible during radiographical examination. Bone changements sont plus sévères et progresser rapidement et sont généralement visibles au cours de l'examen radiographique. Septic arthritis treatment include antibiotics and surgery (in severe cases). Arthrite septique traitement inclut des antibiotiques et la chirurgie (dans les cas graves). Degenerative joint disease may occur as a result of untreated Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD), a disease associated with defective development of bone from cartilage leading to inflammation in affected joints. Dégénératives conjointe maladie peut survenir à la suite de non traitée Osteochondritis dissecans (TOC), une maladie associée au développement défectueux de cartilage de l'os aboutissant à l'inflammation dans les articulations touchées. Often loose fragments of cartilage and/or bone present in joint, usually stifle, hock, fetlock and shoulder. Souvent fragments détachés de cartilage et / ou d'os présent dans conjointe, généralement étouffer, jarret, fetlock et à l'épaule. The disease may occur in any joint, but is most commonly seen in the tarsus (hock). La maladie peut survenir dans n'importe quelle articulation, mais elle est le plus souvent considérée dans le tarse (jarret). Breeds with a high-incidence of tarsal osteochondrosis include Standardbreds, Quarter Horses, Warmbloods and Arabians. Races avec une haute incidence de la tarse osteochondrosis inclure Standardbreds, Quarter Horses, Warmbloods et Arabes. Medical reports show that about 76 percent of treated horses raced successfully or performed their intended use following surgery. Les rapports médicaux montrent que près de 76 pour cent des chevaux de courses traitées avec succès ou exécuté leur utilisation après une chirurgie. In many cases, however, additional techniques to improve the healing response in bone and cartilage are needed so as to preserve articular function. Dans de nombreux cas, cependant, d'autres techniques pour améliorer la réponse dans la guérison des os et du cartilage sont nécessaires afin de préserver la fonction articulaire. The principles of treatment of Degenerative Joint Disease include prevention or treatment of septic arthritis and osteochondritis dissecans; treatment of active soft tissue disease contributing to articular cartilage degeneration, including rest, physical therapy, synovectomy and administration of anti-inflammatory drugs, sodium hyaluronate and polysulfated glycosaminoglycans; treatment of articular cartilage loss or degeneration, including articular cartilage curettage (removal), subchondral bone drilling, and osteophyte removal. Les principes de traitement de la maladie dégénérative conjoint comprennent la prévention ou le traitement de l'arthrite septique et ostéochondrite dissecans; traitement de la maladie active des tissus mous contribuer à la dégénérescence du cartilage articulaire, y compris le repos, la thérapie physique, synovectomie et à l'administration de médicaments anti-inflammatoires, sodium hyaluronate et polysulfated Glycosaminoglycanes; traitement de la perte ou du cartilage articulaire dégénérescence, notamment cartilage articulaire curetage (enlèvement), le forage sous-os, et osteophyte déménagement. The equine practitioner is faced with many choices for controlling inflammation in osteoarthritis (OA.) The proper combination of systemic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), intraarticular steroids, viscosupplementation (injection a preparation of hyaluronic acid into the joint that acts as a lubricant to enable bones to move smoothly over each other and as a shock absorber for joint loads), and chondroprotectants (supplements which work to maintain cartilage health) can be used to treat the disease and stop further progression of degenerative changes to the cartilage surface. Les équins praticien est confronté à de nombreux choix pour maîtriser l'inflammation dans l'arthrose (OA.) La bonne combinaison d'systémique anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens (AINS), injection intra-stéroïdes, viscosuppléance (injection d'une préparation de l'acide hyaluronique dans l'articulation qui agit comme un lubrifiant Os pour permettre de passer sans heurt les unes sur les autres et comme un amortisseur pour les charges communes), et chondroprotectants (suppléments qui travaillent à maintenir un cartilage en santé) peut être utilisé pour traiter la maladie et de faire cesser toute nouvelle progression de la dégénérescence du cartilage des modifications à la surface. Although the whole nutraceutical industry is essentially unregulated, with manufacturers making outrageous claims on products that have never been tested at all, are often of poor quality, and occasionally lacking in any active ingredient, ongoing research shows that oral administration of nutraceutical products, such as Glucosamine and chondroitin to the horse is common and easy and is perceived to be a benign treatment for OA in horses. Bien que l'ensemble de l'industrie nutraceutique est essentiellement non réglementé, avec les fabricants de revendications scandaleuses sur des produits qui n'ont jamais été testés à tous, sont souvent de qualité médiocre, et parfois dépourvus de tout principe actif, les recherches en cours montrent que l'administration orale de produits nutraceutiques, tels que Glucosamine et chondroïtine pour le cheval est courant et facile et est perçu comme un traitement de l'arthrose bénigne chez les chevaux. The main goal for use of nutraceuticals is to use them in OA cases to attempt to lower the dose of other drugs that are more problematic while potentially preventing further progress of DJD. L'objectif principal de l'utilisation des nutraceutiques est de les utiliser dans les cas d'arthrose tenter de réduire la dose des autres médicaments qui sont plus problématiques tout en empêchant de nouveaux progrès potentiellement de DJD. Clinical findings have revealed that glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate are effective and safer alternatives to alleviate symptoms of OA (Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfates in the treatment of osteoarthritis: a survey by de los Reyes GC, Koda RT, Lien EJ). Résultats cliniques ont montré que le sulfate de glucosamine et le sulfate de chondroïtine sont des alternatives plus sûres et efficaces pour soulager les symptômes de l'arthrose (sulfate de glucosamine et de chondroïtine dans le traitement de l'arthrose: une enquête menée par de los Reyes GC, Koda RT, Lien EJ). Glucosamine is an amine-sugar that has been marketed as a natural product for the treatment of osteoarthritis. La glucosamine est un amine-sucre qui a été commercialisé comme un produit naturel pour le traitement de l'arthrose. It has been popularized in the complementary section of pharmacies as a safe over-the-counter treatment for osteoarthritic pain. Il a été popularisé dans la section complémentaire de pharmacies comme un coffre-fort par-dessus le comptoir pour le traitement des douleurs arthrosiques. Recent research suggests that it may not only provide symptomatic pain relief, but may have a role in chondroprotection. Des études récentes indiquent que non seulement il peut fournir le soulagement de la douleur symptomatique, mais peut avoir un rôle dans la chondroprotection. This is due to the fact that articular cartilage is critically dependent upon the regular provision of nutrients (glucose and amino acids), vitamins (particularly vitamin C), and essential trace elements (zinc, magnesium, and copper). Cela est dû au fait que le cartilage articulaire est fondamentalement tributaire de la fourniture régulière d'éléments nutritifs (le glucose et les acides aminés), des vitamines (notamment vitamine C) et d'oligo-éléments essentiels (zinc, le magnésium et le cuivre). Therefore, dietary supplementation programs and nutraceuticals based on antioxidant vitamin C, polyphenols, essential fatty acids, used in conjunction with non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may offer significant benefits to patients with joint disorders, such as OA and OCD. Par conséquent, les suppléments alimentaires et les programmes basés sur les nutraceutiques antioxydants vitamine C, polyphénols, acides gras essentiels, utilisés en conjonction avec des non-stéroïdiens, les anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens (AINS) peuvent offrir des avantages importants aux patients atteints de troubles communs, tels que l'arthrose et l'OCD. There is also evidence that the combination of oral nutraceutical joint supplements containing high quality glucosamine (GU) and chondroitin sulphate (CS) may be more effective in preventing or treating osteoarthritis in horses than either product alone. Il est également prouvé que la combinaison des nutraceutiques commune des suppléments oraux contenant de haute qualité glucosamine (GU) et sulfate de chondroïtine (CS) peut être plus efficace dans la prévention ou le traitement de l'arthrose chez les chevaux que produit soit seul. Dermatophilosis, also known as mycotic dermatitis, rain scald, mud fever, and greesy heel, is a skin disease caused by fungal organism Dermatophilus congolensis which gains entry to the horse skin when it is saturated by prolonged rain. Dermatophilose, aussi appelée dermatite mycosique, scald pluie, la boue fièvre, et greesy talon, la peau est une maladie causée par des champignons Dermatophilus congolensis organisme qui gagne à l'entrée du cheval de peau quand il est saturé par des pluies prolongées. It is mainly seen in mild wet winters. Il est principalement connu en hivers doux humide. Symptoms--Lesions are seen on the back, belly and lower limbs. Symptômes - Les lésions sont visibles sur le dos, le ventre et les membres inférieurs. Horses in poor condition and badly cared for at pastures are at risk. Chevaux en mauvais état et mal soignés à des pâturages sont en danger. Horses with shaggy coats or with feather are particularly at risk. Chevaux avec shaggy manteaux ou à plumes sont particulièrement à risque. Diagnosis is based on the appearance of the sores and microscopic examination of the organisms. Le diagnostic repose sur l'aspect des lésions et l'examen microscopique des organismes. Treatment Dry conditions and improved hygiene should be the first step in therapy. Traitement à sec et à l'amélioration des conditions d'hygiène devrait être la première étape dans la thérapie. Affected animals must be housed. Les animaux malades doivent être logés. Long hair shielding the sores must be removed by clipping (sterilizing the blades after use). Cheveux longs blindage les plaies doivent être enlevés par l'écrêtage (stériliser les lames après usage). Astringent lotions are beneficial and antibiotics may be given when the sores are severe. Lotions astringentes sont bénéfiques et d'antibiotiques peut être accordée si les lésions sont graves. Cracking of the skin may require prolonged careful treatment. Fissuration de la peau peuvent nécessiter un traitement prolongé avec soin. Remove long hair and wash with mild soap and tepid water. Enlever les cheveux longs et les laver avec un savon doux et d'eau tiède. Areas must be kept dry after initial washing. Domaines doit être maintenue sèche après le premier lavage. Dressing with antibiotic ointments is helpful. S'habiller avec des onguents antibiotiques sont utiles. Rest in a dry area for several weeks will be helpful. Reste dans un endroit sec pendant plusieurs semaines, vous seront utiles. Prevention is better than cure. Mieux vaut prévenir que guérir. Practise good husbandry, prevent prolonged wetting by providing some shelter, examine regularly for parasites, and never expose a horse or groups of horses to confinement in small muddy paddocks without shelter. Pratiquez de bonnes méthodes d'élevage, d'éviter de longues mouillage en fournissant certains abris, pour examiner régulièrement les parasites, et de ne jamais exposer un cheval ou groupes de chevaux à l'enfermement dans de petits enclos boueux sans abris. Colic refers to abdominal pain, the external signs of which is uneasiness, sweating, biting at the flanks and other signs of pain. Coliques réfère à des douleurs abdominales, les signes extérieurs de ce qui est malaise, sueurs, à mordre les flancs et d'autres signes de douleur. The horse gets up and lies down again. Le cheval se lève et se couche à nouveau. Very acute colic may be caused by a twisted gut and generally requires surgery. Très colique aiguë peut être causée par un boyau tordu et nécessite généralement une intervention chirurgicale. Studies show that colic may result from congenital (present at birth) malformation of the large colon, enteroliths (pathological formations of mineral concentrations) which cause colonic obstruction, and equine gastric ulcers. Les études montrent que les coliques peuvent résulter de congénital (présent à la naissance) malformation du grand colon, enteroliths (pathologique formations des concentrations minérales), qui cause l'obstruction du côlon, équine et les ulcères gastriques. There are three main types of colic:tympanitic, spasmodic and obstructive. Il existe trois principaux types de coliques: tympanitic, spasmodique et obstructive. Tympanitic colic (bloat, gastric tympany, wind colic) Symptoms usually include continuous pain, caused by an overproduction of gas which distends the gut, sweating, a high pulse and a tense abdomen. Tympanitic colique (météorisation, tympany gastrique, le vent colique) Les symptômes comprennent généralement des douleurs continues, causé par une surproduction de gaz qui distends l'intestin, transpiration, un pouls élevé et une situation tendue abdomen. The horse might take violent attempts to lie down. Le cheval peut prendre violentes tentatives de s'allonger. Frequent attempt to urinate and flatulence is common. Tentative d'uriner fréquent et flatulences sont fréquents. This type of colic occurs when a horse is fed large quantitis of grain or coarse mix. Ce type de colique survient quand un cheval est alimentée en grande quantitis de mélange de grains grossiers. Rich green grass grazed in the spring has the same effect. Rich herbe verte pâturée au printemps a le même effet. Treatment include analgesics to control pain; anti-spasmodic drugs; vegetable oils to reduce the fermentation process. Traitement des analgésiques pour contrôler la douleur, anti-spasmodique drogues; huiles végétales afin de réduire le processus de fermentation. The treatment of uncomplicated cases is usually successful. Le traitement des cas sont généralement peu de succès. Spasmodic colic The most common type of colic, mild in character and short in duration (only a few hours). Colique spasmodique Le type le plus courant de coliques, de caractère doux et de courte durée (quelques heures seulement). Seen more often in young horses. Vu de plus en plus souvent dans les jeunes chevaux. Bouts of acute pain, sweating, restlessness, frequent rolling and a tense abdomen are common symptoms. Bouts de douleur aiguë, transpiration, agitation, et un roulement fréquent tendue abdomen sont des symptômes communs. The horse looks repeatedly at its flank. Le cheval ressemble à plusieurs reprises à ses flancs. May be caused as a result of blocking the normal passage of gas and intestinal contenets through the gut by migrating strongyle worm larvae; often seen in exhausted, dehydrated horses because of lack of sodium and chlorine ions. Peut être causée par le blocage de la normale et le passage des gaz intestinaux contenets travers l'intestin par la migration des larves du ver de strongyloses; souvent vu dans épuisés, déshydratés chevaux en raison du manque d'ions de sodium et de chlore. Treatment includes anti-spasmodic drugs and sedatives. Le traitement comprend des médicaments anti-spasmodiques et les sédatifs. Obstructive colic This type of colic is further subdivided into obstructive, and less severe impacted types. Obstructive colique Ce type de colique est subdivisée en obstructive, et moins sévère types impactés. Obstruction of the stomach and small or large intestine all cause acute pain. Obstruction de l'estomac et de petit ou gros intestin tous causer une douleur aiguë. The horse rapidly becomes shocked due to the release of toxins into the system. Le cheval devient rapidement choqué due à la libération de toxines dans le système. The obstruction can occur on the stomach when it is due to overeating, especially dry material such as nuts, or unsoaked sugar beet. L'obstruction peut se produire sur l'estomac si c'est en raison de trop, surtout matériaux secs tels que les noix, unsoaked ou de la betterave sucrière. It can also occur in the small intestine as a mechanical obstruction caused by developing tumors, or by a twist, and as a result of hernia. Il peut aussi se produire dans l'intestin grêle comme une obstruction mécanique causé par le développement des tumeurs, ou par une torsion, et à la suite d'une hernie. Mechanical obstructions are rare, while food materials are common causes. Mécanique obstructions sont rares, tandis que les produits alimentaires sont des causes fréquentes. A sudden change in diet, such as from grass to dry hay or straw, or sand impactions can cause obstruction. Un brusque changement de régime alimentaire, comme de l'herbe ou du foin sec de la paille, du sable ou impactions peut causer l'obstruction. Obstructive colic should always be treated as an emergency and is one of the conditions where professional help should be obtained immediately. Obstructive colique doit toujours être traité comme une situation d'urgence et est l'une des conditions où l'aide de professionnels doivent être obtenus immédiatement. The decision to operate has to be made quickly, as irreversible changes soon occur in the obstructed tissues. La décision d'agir doit être prise rapidement, plus rapidement que des changements irréversibles se produisent dans les tissus obstruée. Impacted colic is less obvious in nature. Impaction colique est moins évident dans la nature. As the impaction builds up, the horse stops eating and passes increasingly dry and scanty feces. Comme l'impaction s'accumule, le cheval cesse de manger et passe de plus en plus sèche et maigre fèces. The horse spends a lot of time lying down and frequently looks at its flank. Le cheval passe beaucoup de temps couchée et souvent regarde son flanc. Impacted colic responds well to treatment that consists of softening the impacted mass and massage. Impaction colique répond bien à un traitement qui consiste à adoucir les impactées massive et massage. This may take a few days, but in complicated cases surgery may be necessary. Cela peut prendre quelques jours, mais, dans les affaires compliquées, la chirurgie peut être nécessaire. Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1) and equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV4) are important equine viruses, causing much damage to the horse industry. L'herpès-virus équin 1 (EHV1) et équine de l'herpèsvirus 4 (EHV4) sont importantes équine virus, causant beaucoup de dégâts à l'industrie chevaline. EHV1 strains are associated with respiratory disease, abortion, and paralysis, whereas EHV4 strains are primarily associated with respiratory disease. EHV1 souches sont associés à des maladies respiratoires, de l'avortement, et la paralysie, alors que EHV4 souches sont principalement associés à des maladies respiratoires. Young horse are at greatest risk to be infected by herpesvirus. Les jeunes chevaux sont les plus à risque d'être infecté par l'herpèsvirus. The herpesvirus rarely occurs in foals younger than three months of age because they still have their vaccinated mothers' immunity. Les herpèsvirus se produit rarement dans les poulains âgés de moins de trois mois d'âge, car ils ont encore leurs mères vaccinées' immunité. The great majority of infected foals is seen in sucklings and weanlings between 4 and 12 months of age which develop what veterinarians call "foal snots". La grande majorité des personnes infectées qui se voit dans les poulains nourrissons et les porcelets sevrés entre 4 et 12 mois d'âge, qui élaborent ce que les vétérinaires appellent «poulain snots". The risk of developing the URTD increases with overcrowding, heavy parasite infestation, poor nutritional state, climatic extremes, existing disease, and the intermingling of animals from different social groups. Le risque de développer la URTD augmente avec le surpeuplement, de fortes infestations de parasites, la mauvaise situation nutritionnelle, les extrêmes climatiques, les maladies, et le brassage des animaux provenant de différents groupes sociaux. The infection is transmitted by contact with another infected horse and its respiratory discharge. L'infection se transmet par contact avec une autre infection respiratoire cheval et sa décharge. Diagnosis of herpesvirus respiratory disease in horses is performed through laboratory tests. Herpèsvirus diagnostic de maladies respiratoires chez les chevaux est effectuée par le biais de tests en laboratoire. Vaccination of young horses does not prevent the infection, but diminishes the intensity of the disease. La vaccination des jeunes chevaux n'empêche pas l'infection, mais diminue l'intensité de la maladie. The outbreaks of infection are common in large broodmare farm operations, annual yearling sales events and race or show barns in which horses from different places are kept together in enclosed, confined spaces. Les flambées d'infection sont fréquents dans les grandes exploitations agricoles broodmare, yearling ventes annuelles d'événements et de la race ou de montrer des granges où les chevaux de différents lieux sont gardés ensemble dans un espace clos, des espaces confinés. Two- and three-year-olds usually develop an acute form of herpesvirus URTD with neurological complications and increased risk of abortion. Deux et trois ans en général une forme aiguë de l'herpèsvirus URTD avec complications neurologiques et le risque accru d'avortement. The virus remains in an individual horse over the lifetime and periodically reactivates and transmits from horse to horse and mother to foal. Le virus reste dans un individu à cheval sur la durée et réactive et transmet périodiquement de cheval à cheval et de poulain mère. The factors contributing to herpesvirus reactivation include surgery, boarding, prolonged transport, weaning, lactation, extreme weather, and stress. Les facteurs qui contribuent à l'herpèsvirus réactivation incluent la chirurgie, l'embarquement, le transport prolongé, le sevrage, allaitement, les conditions météorologiques exceptionnelles, et le stress. Symptoms of the herpesvirus URTD vary from horse to horse and may range from mild illness to a life-threatening lung inflammation. Les symptômes de l'herpès-virus URTD varient d'un cheval à cheval et peut aller de bénigne à une maladie mortelle inflammations pulmonaires. Most common signs include watery nasal discharge that occurs during the first day of the disease. La plupart des communes les signes comprennent écoulement nasal aqueux qui se produit durant le premier jour de la maladie. By the second or third day the nasal discharge often dries to form crust in and around the nostrils and becomes thicker and yellowish. Par le deuxième ou le troisième jour, écoulement nasal souvent sèche pour former une croûte à l'intérieur et autour des narines et devient épaisse et jaunâtre. In some horses signs may include loss of appetite (anorexia), fever, lethargy, cough, labored breathing and discharge from the eyes (conjunctivitis). Dans certains chevaux signes peuvent inclure une perte de l'appétit (anorexie), fièvre, fatigue, toux, des difficultés respiratoires et de déchargement des yeux (conjonctivite). In uncomplicated form of infection, the prognosis for full recovery is usually good and signs usually disappear by the end of second week. En simple forme de l'infection, le pronostic de rétablissement complet est généralement bonne et les signes disparaissent habituellement d'ici la fin de la deuxième semaine. With the secondary bacterial infection, primarily by primarily by Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus, the disease is much more severe. Avec l'infection bactérienne secondaire, essentiellement en premier lieu par Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus, la maladie est beaucoup plus sévère. Even though the infection by herpesvarus affects mainly the upper respiratory tract, it may lead to other serious complications including abortion, neonatal foal death, brain, lung and eye infections. Même si l'infection par herpesvarus affecte principalement les voies respiratoires supérieures, il peut conduire à d'autres complications graves, y compris l'avortement, la mortalité néonatale poulain, le cerveau, le cancer du poumon et d'infections oculaires. Treatment includes medications for fever reduction and anti-inflammatory agents for reduction of respiratory tract inflammation and antimicrobials. Le traitement comprend des médicaments contre la fièvre et la réduction des agents anti-inflammatoires pour la réduction de l'inflammation des voies respiratoires et des agents antimicrobiens. Horses unwilling to eat or drink may require fluid-electrolyte replacement therapy. Les chevaux ne veulent pas manger ou boire peut exiger des fluides et d'électrolytes de remplacement. Prevention of herpesvirus URTD is the most effective way to control the disease outbreaks. Prévention de l'herpèsvirus URTD est le moyen le plus efficace pour contrôler les foyers de maladie. Foals become maximally susceptible to infection by 5 - 6 months of age. Les poulains deviennent sensibles à l'infection au maximum de 5 - 6 mois d'âge. Vaccination against EHV-1 and EHV-4 respiratory disease is recommended as part of the preventive, herd-health program for all horses at risk for acquiring infection. La vaccination contre l'HVE-1 et EHV-4 maladie respiratoire est recommandé dans le cadre de la prévention, le programme de santé du troupeau, pour tous les chevaux à risque pour l'infection. Vaccination of young horses does not prevent respiratory infection, but diminishes the intensity of clinical signs and both the magnitude and duration and amount of shedding of infectious virus. La vaccination des jeunes chevaux n'empêche pas les infections respiratoires, mais diminue l'intensité des signes cliniques et l'ampleur et la durée et le montant de l'excrétion du virus infectieux. Because immunity to EHV-1 and EHV-4 generated by vaccination is of short duration, frequent booster doses are necessary for maximal effectiveness. Parce que l'immunité à HVE-1 et EHV-4 généré par la vaccination est de courte durée, la fréquence des doses sont nécessaires à l'efficacité maximale. Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV) is a lentivirus, of the Retrovirus family with an almost worldwide distribution, infecting equids - horses, mules and donkeys. Le virus de l'anémie infectieuse équine (EIAV) est un lentivirus, de la famille, avec un rétrovirus près de distribution mondial, infectant les équidés - chevaux, les mulets et les ânes. The EIAV belongs to the family of RNA viruses which generally cause slowly progressive, often fatal diseases. Le EIAV appartient à la famille des virus à ARN qui causent généralement lentement progressive, de maladies souvent mortelles. The virus is closely related to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans. Le virus est étroitement liée au virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH), qui cause le syndrome d'immunodéficience acquise (SIDA) chez l'homme. Animals may be acutely or chronically infected. Les animaux peuvent être infectés aiguë ou chronique. The incubation period is variable, from a matter of days to a few months but generally 1 to 3 weeks. La période d'incubation est variable, de quelques jours à quelques mois, mais généralement de 1 à 3 semaines. Antibodies usually develop 7 to 14 days after infection and last for life. Les anticorps se développent habituellement 7 à 14 jours après l'infection et durent pour la vie. Infected animals remain carriers of the virus for life. Animaux infectés restent porteurs du virus pour la vie. The clinical signs of the acute form of equine infectious anemia are nonspecific; in mild cases, the initial fever may be short lived (often less than 24 hours). Les signes cliniques de la forme aiguë de l'anémie infectieuse équine sont non spécifiques, dans les cas bénins, la fièvre peut être initiale de courte durée (souvent moins de 24 heures). As a result, horse owners and veterinarians may not observe this initial sign when a horse is infected with EIAV. En conséquence, les propriétaires de chevaux et les vétérinaires ne peuvent pas observer ce premier signe quand un cheval est infecté par EIAV. These infected horses often recover and continue to move freely in the population. Ces chevaux infectés souvent de récupérer et de continuer à circuler librement dans la population. The first indication that a horse was exposed to, and infected with, EIAV may well be a positive result on a routine annual test. La première indication que le cheval a été exposé à, et infectés avec, EIAV pourrait bien être un résultat positif à un test annuel de routine. The majority of horses are inapparent carriers: they show no visible abnormalities as a result of infection. La majorité des chevaux sont inapparent transporteurs: ils ne montrent aucune anomalie visible à la suite de l'infection. The inapparent form may become chronic or acute due to severe stress, hard work, or the presence of other diseases. Inapparent Le formulaire peut devenir chronique ou aiguë due à un stress grave, ardeur au travail, ou la présence d'autres maladies. Equine infectious anemia acute form symptoms--These depend upon the stage of the disease. L'anémie infectieuse équine forme aiguë des symptômes - Elles dépendent du stade de la maladie. Bleeding, edemas ( excessive accumulation of fluids in body tissues or cavities), rapid breathing, and jaundice occur in the acute disease. Saignement, oedèmes (accumulation excessive de liquide dans les tissus de l'organisme ou de cavités), respiration rapide, et l'ictère aigu se produisent dans la maladie. During the attack, which usually lasts three to five days, the animal will try to shift its weight from one leg to another because of weakness. Au cours de l'attaque, qui dure habituellement de trois à cinq jours, l'animal va essayer de transférer son poids d'une jambe à l'autre en raison de la faiblesse. It will have shaggy coat and be sluggish. Il aura pelage hirsute et être molles. Equine infectious anemia chronic form symptoms--If the horse survives this first acute bout, it may develop enlargement of the liver, spleen and lymph nodes, anemia ( the blood experiences a marked drop in its red corpuscle count and appear thin and watery), fever, different sizes of hemorrhage into the skin (petechia), an irregular heartbeat, and a jugular (located in the region of neck or throat) pulse may become evident. L'anémie infectieuse équine forme chronique symptômes - Si le cheval survit à ce premier épisode aigu, elle peut développer l'élargissement du foie, la rate et les ganglions lymphatiques, de l'anémie (le sang subit une baisse marquée dans sa corpuscule rouge et semblent compter mince et aqueuse), Fièvre, les différentes tailles d'hémorragie dans la peau (petechia), un rythme cardiaque irrégulier et une jugulaire (situé dans la région du cou ou la gorge) pouls peut devenir évident. Equine infectious anemia is considered a classic bloodborne infection. L'anémie infectieuse équine est considéré comme un classique de l'infection par voie sanguine. People have played an important role in EIAV transmission over the years by using blood–contaminated materials on different horses. Les gens ont joué un rôle important dans la transmission EIAV au fil des années par l'utilisation de sang contaminé par des matériaux sur différents chevaux. The EIAV most frequently is transmitted between horses in close proximity by large biting insects, such as horseflies and deerflies. Le EIAV est le plus souvent transmis entre les chevaux à proximité immédiate de grands insectes piqueurs, comme les taons et deerflies. Control of equine infectious anemia is currently based on detection of anti-EIA virus (EIAV) antibodies through AGID test. Le contrôle de l'anémie infectieuse équine est actuellement fondée sur la détection des anti-virus de l'EIE (EIAV) grâce à des anticorps AGID test. However, the current diagnostic methods may fail to diagnose the disease at its early stage. Toutefois, les méthodes de dépistage actuels ne réussissent pas toujours à diagnostiquer la maladie à son stade précoce. infection. Infection. There is no vaccine or treatment for the disease. Il n'existe pas de vaccin ou de traitement de la maladie. It is often difficult to differentiate from other fever-producing diseases, including anthrax, influenza, and equine encephalitis. Il est souvent difficile de différencier des autres producteurs de fièvre maladies, notamment l'anthrax, grippe, et de l'encéphalite équine. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is one of the most common neurologic diseases of horses in the United States. Equine myeloencephalitis protozoaire (EPM) est l'une des plus communes de maladies neurologiques des chevaux aux États-Unis. It is caused by the protozoa Sarcocystis neurona. Elle est provoquée par des protozoaires du Sarcocystis neurona. The parasite is ingested by the horse through infected food or water, or through direct contact with sporocytes in infected animal feces. Le parasite est ingéré par le cheval à travers l'eau ou des aliments contaminés, ou par contact direct avec des animaux infectés sporocytes dans les fèces. Opossums, striped skunks, raccoons, armadillos and cats are intermediate hosts that spread the spores, but horses do not transmit the infection to other animals. Opossums, moufettes rayées, les ratons laveurs, les tatous et les chats sont des hôtes intermédiaires qui propagent les spores, mais les chevaux n'ont pas transmettre l'infection à d'autres animaux. The parasite damages the brain, brainstem and spinal cord of the horse. Le parasite endommage le cerveau, le tronc cérébral et la moelle épinière du cheval. EPM can affect a horse of any age, breed, or sex. EPM peut affecter un cheval de tout âge, la race ou le sexe. Diagnosis--Blood tests detect antibodies to the Sarcocystis neurona but do not indicate if the horse will develop the disease. Diagnostic - Des analyses de sang pour détecter les anticorps Sarcocystis neurona mais n'indiquent pas si le cheval va développer la maladie. If antibodies are found in the cerebral spinal fluid along with neurolical signs are positive indicators of the disease. Si des anticorps sont trouvés dans le liquide céphalorachidien avec neurolical signes sont des indicateurs positifs de la maladie. Symptoms--Only a small percentage of horses become sick after ingesting the parasite. Symptômes - Seul un petit pourcentage de chevaux tombent malades après avoir ingéré le parasite. Signs include dragging a toe, incoordination, dropped eyelid, malposition of a limb, muscle atrophy, wobbling, head tilt, and occasional lameness. Les signes comprennent faisant glisser un orteil, incoordination, largué paupière, malposition d'un membre, une atrophie musculaire, wobbling, incliner la tête, et parfois boiterie. All neurologic disease in horses is not EPM and a complete work-up by your veterinarian is needed in many cases to arrive at a specific diagnosis of the problem. Tous maladie neurologique chez les chevaux et EPM n'est pas une œuvre donnée par votre vétérinaire est nécessaire dans de nombreux cas, d'arriver à un diagnostic précis du problème. Treatment--Horses are treated for EPM until they have negative test results for antibodies to S. neurona. Traitement - Les chevaux sont traités pour EPM jusqu'à ce qu'ils aient des résultats d'essais négatifs pour les anticorps anti S. neurona. Many horse develop complications and adverse reactions to medications: fever, loss of appetite, depression, incoordination, mild anemia and abortions. Beaucoup de chevaux de développer des complications et les effets indésirables des médicaments: fièvre, perte d'appétit, dépression, manque de coordination, d'anémie légère et les avortements. Prognosis--The disease is progressively debilitating to the horse and requires extensive treatment. Prognose - La maladie est progressivement débilitant sur le cheval et exige de nombreux traitements. A vaccine for EPM is available but has unknown efficacy. Un vaccin pour l'EPM est disponible, mais l'efficacité est inconnue. Response to treatment is an important indicator of survival. La réponse au traitement est un indicateur important de la survie. Treatment with ponazuril minimizes, but does not eliminate, infection and clinical signs of EPM in horses [1-2]. Le traitement par ponazuril minimise, mais n'élimine pas, et des signes cliniques d'infection de chevaux dans EPM [1-2]. Prevention--Use good hygiene when it comes to storing a horse's food containers, water buckets and tubs. Prévention - Utiliser une bonne hygiène quand il s'agit de stocker un cheval de récipients alimentaires, des seaux d'eau et des bacs. Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), also known as periodic ophthalmia or moon blindness, is one of the most common causes of blindness in horses. Equine récurrentes uvéite (URE), également connu sous le nom de périodiques ophthalmia lune ou la cécité, est l'une des causes les plus fréquentes de cécité chez les chevaux. Classic treatment of ERU includes mydriatics, corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Classique comprend le traitement des ERU mydriatics, les corticoïdes et les anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens. Despite vigorous topical and systemic treatment, however, in many cases, the prognosis for preserving vision remains poor. Malgré de vigoureux traitements topiques et systémiques, cependant, dans de nombreux cas, le pronostic de la préservation de la vision demeure médiocre. Symptoms--The signs of this disease are acute pain with the eye closed, discharge, and unwillingness to expose the eye to light. Symptômes - Les signes de cette maladie sont des douleurs aiguës avec l'œil fermé, décharge, et le refus d'exposer les yeux à la lumière. The cornea is cloudy. La cornée est trouble. The eyelids remain tightly shut and tears often run down the cheeks. Les paupières restent hermétiquement fermés et souvent les larmes s'écouler le long des joues. The conjunctiva and iris are red and inflamed. La conjonctive et de l'iris sont rouges et enflammées. Recurent attacks diminish the sight until complete blindness results. Attaques récidive diminuent la vue jusqu'à la cécité complète. Causes-- Despite extensive clinical research, the causes of equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) are still unknown. Causes - Malgré de nombreuses recherches cliniques, les causes de l'uvéite récurrente équine (URE) sont encore inconnues. In general, the diseases is thought to be an exaggerated response of the immune system to a wide range of organisms, including leptospires bacteria and and Onchocerca cervicalis parasites. En général, la maladie est pensée comme une réaction exagérée du système immunitaire à un large éventail d'organismes, y compris les leptospires et les bactéries et les parasites Onchocerca cervical. Diagnosis is made based on detailed examination of the eye. Le diagnostic est faite sur la base d'un examen détaillé de l'oeil. Treatment--Long and vigorous treatment is necessary to control the inflammation. Traitement - Longue et vigoureuse traitement est nécessaire de contrôler l'inflammation. Antibiotic treatment is used if a bacterial cause is suspected. Le traitement aux antibiotiques est utilisée si une cause bactérienne est suspectée. Corticosteroids and atropine applied to the eye are also essential. Les corticostéroïdes et d'atropine appliquée à l'oeil sont également essentielles. New surgical techniques for ERU have been recently developed giving horses with equine recurrent uveitis a chance of a cure, and the possibility of maintaining their eyesight. Nouvelles techniques chirurgicales pour ERU ont été récemment mis au point de donner des chevaux à l'équine récurrentes uvéite une chance de guérison, et la possibilité de maintenir leur vision. The surgery involves making an incision through the sclera and removing the infected base where the organisms are. L'intervention chirurgicale consiste en une incision à travers la sclère et en enlevant la base infectés où les organismes sont. Then, antibiotics are flushed into that tissue to kill any residual organisms. Ensuite, les antibiotiques sont rincés dans les tissus que de tuer tout résidu organismes. Any clouded up and inflammatory debris is also removed. Toute assombri et débris inflammatoires est également supprimée. Researchers at the ophthalmology department at North Carolina State UniversityWe have developed a drug delivery device (a micro-implant) for treating uveitis. Des chercheurs du département d'ophtalmologie de la North Carolina State UniversityWe ont mis au point un dispositif de délivrance de médicaments (un micro-implant) pour le traitement de l'uvéite. The implant, which delivers a constant amount of cyclosporine (an immunosuppressive agent) within the eye, is made at NCSU and currently is being distributed free of charge to ophthalmologists who request one. L'implant, qui fournit une quantité constante de la cyclosporine (un agent immunosuppresseur) au sein de l'œil, est faite à NCSU et est actuellement en train d'être distribué gratuitement aux ophtalmologistes qui en font la demande. PrognosisProper treatment improves the course of the disease, especially if started early. PrognosisProper traitement améliore le cours de la maladie, surtout si commencé tôt. However, the disease is often complicated by secondary catarcts and detachment of retina usually result in irreversible loss of vision. Cependant, la maladie est souvent compliquée par catarcts secondaire et détachement de rétine aboutit généralement à la perte irréversible de la vision. Conventional treatment does not prevent recurrence and horses that have had one attack will almost invariably have another at unpredictable intervals. Conventionnelles de traitement n'empêche pas les récidives et des chevaux qui ont fait l'objet d'une attaque, il sera presque toujours avoir un autre à intervalles imprévisibles. Prevention—Some eye problems are more preventable than others. Prévention-Certains problèmes oculaires évitables sont plus que d'autres. Professor Brian Gilger, DVM, MS, Dipl. Professeur Brian Gilger, DVM, MS, Dipl. ACVO, Chief of the Ophthalmology Service, the ophthalmology department at North Carolina State University recommends that horse owners minimize the risk of eye trauma and infection by using a fly mask, and feeding hay on the ground, not from nets, bags, or elevated mangers. ACVO, le chef du Service d'ophtalmologie, le département d'ophtalmologie de l'Université d'Etat de Caroline du Nord recommande que les propriétaires de chevaux de minimiser le risque de traumatisme et de l'infection à l'oeil à l'aide d'un masque de mouche, et l'alimentation du foin sur le terrain, pas de filets, sacs, ou élevées mangeoires . "They're horrible about causing eye trauma," he warns. «Ils sont horribles à propos causant un traumatisme oculaire", prévient-il. What type of horses are affected most? Quel type de chevaux sont les plus touchées? —Racehorses are the population of horses most often affected by gastric ulcers with an ulcer prevalence between 63 and 90%. De la population sont des Chevaux de course de chevaux le plus souvent touchés par l'ulcère de l'estomac avec un ulcère de prévalence entre 63 et 90%. In contrast, a much lower prevalence (37%) of stomach ulcers is seen in pleasure horses and the degree of ulceration is less severe. En revanche, une prévalence beaucoup plus faible (37%) des ulcères d'estomac se voit dans le plaisir des chevaux et le degré d'ulcération est moins grave. Several endoscopic surveys have indicated that the frequency of gastric ulceration in Thoroughbreds in training is fairly high. Endoscopique Plusieurs enquêtes ont montré que la fréquence des ulcères gastriques dans Thoroughbreds dans la formation est assez élevé. Ulcers appear to be chronically progressive during training, but to regress during retirement. Ulcères chroniques semblent être progressif au cours de la formation, mais à régresser au cours de la retraite. Symptoms—Clinical signs that typically are associated with gastric ulceration include recurrent colic for seven or more days, acute colic, poor bodily condition, and/or chronic diarrhea, poor appetite, and weight loss. - Symptômes Les signes cliniques qui sont habituellement associées à des ulcères gastriques récurrents comprennent les coliques pendant sept jours ou plus, les coliques aiguës, la mauvaise condition physique, et / ou de diarrhée chronique, manque d'appétit et perte de poids. Often symptoms are less obvious (such as poor performance), or not even noticeable. Souvent, les symptômes sont moins évidents (comme des mauvaises performances), ou même pas perceptible. Foals with ulcers suck only half-hearted, grind their teeth and frequently chew on straw. Les poulains ulcères sucent avec seulement timide, broyer les dents et la mastication souvent sur la paille. Causes Large amounts of concentrated high-energy feeds, small rations of forage and a low feeding frequency per day as well as the use of spoiled food can contribute to the development of colics and ulcers. Causes de grandes quantités de concentrés de haute énergie se nourrit, les petites rations de fourrage et d'une faible fréquence d'alimentation par jour, ainsi que l'utilisation d'aliments avariés peuvent contribuer au développement de coliques et d'ulcères. An extended period of diarrhea or treatment with NSAIDs also predisposes to gastrointestinal ulceration. Une longue période de diarrhée ou de traitement avec les AINS également prédispose à l'ulcère gastro-intestinal. Acids also are the important causes - severe ulceration of the stomach, caused by excess acidity, can develop rapidly in horses deprived of feed or not consuming feed. Acides sont également les causes importantes - de graves ulcérations de l'estomac, causé par un excès d'acidité, peuvent se développer rapidement dans les chevaux privés de nourriture ou de non-consommation de l'alimentation. Compared with being turned out to pasture, stall confinement alone appears to be an important factor in the development of gastric ulcers in horses. Comparé à être tournés vers les pâturages, seul décrochage de confinement semble être un facteur important dans le développement des ulcères gastriques chez les chevaux. Current therapy targets the suppression of gastric hydrochloric acid (HCl) and creation of a suitable environment for ulcer healing. Current therapy cibles de la répression gastrique d'acide chlorhydrique (HCl) et la création d'un environnement propice à la guérison de l'ulcère. Diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs, gastroscopy, and response to treatment. Le diagnostic est basé sur l'histoire, les signes cliniques, gastroscopie, et la réponse au traitement. Treatment—Of the products available, only GastroGard (FDA approved) and ranitidine have been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of EGUS. - Sur le traitement des produits disponibles, seuls GastroGard (FDA) et de la ranitidine se sont avérés efficaces dans le traitement de l'EGUS. Ranitidine is often associated with treatment failure as a result of incorrect dosing and lack of owner compliance, because of the three times daily dosing required. Ranitidine est souvent associée à l'échec du traitement à la suite d'erreurs de dosage et le manque de respect titulaire, en raison de trois fois la dose quotidienne requise. Also, EGUS occurs in critically ill neonatal foals, but the underlying cause may be different than in adult horses and acid-suppressive therapy may not be as effective. Aussi, EGUS survient dans un état critique néonatale poulains, mais la cause sous-jacente peut être différent de celui des adultes chevaux et acide suppressif peut ne pas être aussi efficaces. Other studies demonstrated that omeprazole paste is highly effective in healing gastric ulcers in Thoroughbred racehorses and that the omeprazole paste effectively prevents the recurrence of EGUS. D'autres études ont démontré que l'oméprazole pâte est très efficace dans la guérison des ulcères gastriques en course de pur-sang et que l'oméprazole coller empêche la réapparition de EGUS. The study also indicates that gastric ulcers in untreated horses did not demonstrate a significant rate of spontaneous healing (contrary to an existing theory of self-healing equine ulcers). L'étude indique également que les ulcères gastriques et les chevaux non traités, n'ont pas démontré un taux de guérison spontanée (contrairement à une théorie de l'auto-guérison des ulcères équins). Severe ulceration of the gastric squamous epithelial mucosa, caused by excess acidity, can develop rapidly in horses deprived of feed or not consuming feed. Severe ulcération de la muqueuse gastrique squameuses épithéliales, causée par un excès d'acidité, peuvent se développer rapidement dans les chevaux privés de nourriture ou de non-consommation de l'alimentation. Suppression of gastric acidity with the histamine type-2 receptor antagonist ranitidine effectively minimized the area of ulceration caused by feed deprivation. Répression de l'acidité gastrique avec l'histamine type-2 receptor antagonist ranitidine effectivement minimisé le domaine de l'ulcère causé par privation d'alimentation. Compared with being turned out to pasture, stall confinement alone appears to be an important factor in the development of gastric ulcers in horses, probably as a result of altered eating behavior. Comparé à être tournés vers les pâturages, seul décrochage de confinement semble être un facteur important dans le développement des ulcères gastriques chez les chevaux, probablement à la suite de la modification du comportement alimentaire. Foal heat, or "ninth day diarrhea" (which actually occurs form days 6 to 14), affects nearly all newborn foals. Poulain chaleur, ou "diarrhée neuvième jour" (ce qui se produit effectivement formulaire jours 6 à 14), affecte presque tous les nouveau-nés poulains. The stools is soft, pasty-yellow, and not profuse. Les selles sont molles, pâteux-jaune, et pas profuse. The foal appears unaffected, remains bright and alert, and nurses at regular intervals. Le poulain semble pas affecté, reste vif et alerte, et les infirmières à intervalles réguliers. The diarrhea usually lasts fewer than 7 days. La diarrhée dure habituellement moins de 7 jours. Since the diarrhea happens to occur when the mare enters her first heat after foaling, it was believed that hormones in the mare's milk caused the diarrhea. Depuis la diarrhée arrive de se produire quand la jument entre ses premières chaleurs après la mise bas, on pensait que les hormones dans le lait de jument a causé la diarrhée. In fact, the same diarrhea also occurs in orphan foals. En fait, même la diarrhée se produit également dans les poulains orphelins. Newborn foals normally eat manure and feedstuffs such as grain and hay. Naissances poulains mangeons normalement le fumier et les aliments pour animaux tels que les céréales et de foin. It appears that the ingestion of these substances may upset the flora of the foal's immature intestinal tract and cause temporary diarrhea. Il semble que l'ingestion de ces substances peuvent perturber la flore du poulain's immatures tractus intestinal et provoquer une diarrhée. Recent studies show that foal heat diarrhoea is most likely caused by hypersecretion in the small intestinal mucosa (the membrane of the four coats of the intestinal wall), which may overwhelm an immature colon that is unable to compensate by increased fluid and electrolyte (substance that while in solution or its pure state will conduct an electric current by means of the movement of ions; examples of electrolytes: sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium) absorption. Des études récentes montrent que la chaleur poulain diarrhée est très probablement causée par une hypersécrétion de la muqueuse du petit intestin (la membrane des quatre couches de la paroi intestinale), qui peut submerger un colon immatures qui n'est pas en mesure de compenser par une augmentation des liquides et des électrolytes (substance qui Tandis que dans la solution ou l'état pur effectuera un courant électrique par le biais du mouvement des ions; exemples d'électrolytes: sodium, potassium, chlorure et de calcium) absorption. Treatment—Diarrhea of short duration associated with the foal heat requires little treatment. - Traitement de courte durée de la diarrhée associée à la chaleur poulain nécessite peu de traitement. Keep the foal dry and clean around its tail. Gardez le poulain sec et propre autour de la queue. Zinc oxide ointment is applied to prevent scalding of the buttocks. L'oxyde de zinc est appliquée pommade pour éviter de brûler les fesses. Luxatives, purgatives and variety of untested equine probiotic products that are commercially available are not recommended as they will make the diarrhea worse. Luxatives, purgatives et de la variété des produits non testés équine probiotiques, qui sont disponibles dans le commerce ne sont pas recommandés car ils pourraient faire empirer la diarrhée. Bacterial Pneumonia--One of the major causes of pneumonia in foals aged between 1 and 6 months with most cases occurring before 4 months is Rhodococcus equi bacteria.
You can try 3 in 1, Vitamin E selenium crumbles, Quench lyte, Dexamethasone pwdr or for Chicks – sulfa –Q, stop pick and Pigs – iron and Dogs, cats – worm tabs, and blood stop powder.
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